Tuesday: Hili dialogue

July 4, 2017 • 7:15 am

Well, it’s Independence Day: July 4, 2017, and the U.S. is 241 years old today. It’s National Barbecue Day, and of course that’s the way many Americans celebrate the Fourth, along with blowing off bits of their body with small explosives.

Google has a special Doodle for the holiday, to wit:

Today’s Doodle is inspired by Stephen Mather (also born July 4), a noted conservationist and the first director of the National Parks Service. Often hailed as “America’s Best Idea,” the NPS was created by President Woodrow Wilson in 1916. Over a century old, America’s national parks span 84 million acres and host more than 275 million visitors every year.

And it’s Happy Birthday to Queen Sonja of Norway, who is 80 today; Norwegians celebrate by flying their flag.

Fireworks! Real ones, and they happened a millennium ago. For on this day in 1054 AD, the supernova SN 1054 was first seen and reported by astronomers from China and Arabia. The reconstruction below shows what the exploding star looked like in the daytime sky (it was visible for almost two years). Its remnants are the familiar the Crab Nebula, and since that nebula is about 6500 light years away, we saw the explosion on Earth that long after its occurrence—in about 4000 BC.  Now that was a Fourth of July firework!

Simulated image of supernova SN 1054 at the position of modern Crab Nebula, as presumably would have been observed from capital of Song Dynasty at Kaifeng, China during the morning of July 4th, 1054.

The Crab Nebula today:

Giant picture mosaic of the Crab Nebula, remnant of SN 1054, taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in visible light. Credit: NASA/ESA.

On this day in 1776, the United States Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Second Continental Congress. In 1803, the Louisiana Purchase was announced, expanding the area of the U.S. tremendously. And here’s something you may already know: on July 4, 1826, the 50th anniversary to the day of the Declaration of Independence, both Thomas Jefferson and John Adams died. Jefferson had drafted it, both men had signed it, and both became Presidents of the new country. It’s purely coincidence, of course, but still moving: both men wanted to stay alive until that day, and then promptly gave up the ghost (that’s metaphorical!). On July 4, 1855, Whitman’s Leaves of Grass was published In Brooklyn, and 7 year later Lewis Carroll told Alice Liddell the tale that would eventually be published as Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. On this day in 1886, the French gave the Statue of Liberty to America: a wonderful gesture.

Lots of stuff happened on this day. In 1939, Lou Gehrig, afflicted with the ALS that would soon kill him, was celebrated at Yankee Stadium; in his speech he announced his retirement from baseball and said he considered himself “The luckiest man on the face of the Earth.” It was not a good day for my second adopted country of Poland: on July 4, 1941, the Nazis massacred Polish intellectuals in the Ukrainian city of Lviv; two years later an RAF bomber crashed in Gibraltar, killing, among others, General Władysław Sikorski, the commander-in-chief of the Polish Army and the Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile. And three years later, after the war, ANOTHER pogrom of Jews took place in Poland: the The Kielce Pogrom, in which Poles themselves killed 42 Jewish Holocaust survivors and wounded 40. That convinced the surviving Polish Jews that they had no place in their country, and over 100,000 left, many migrating to the British Mandate of Palestine.

On this day in 1966, Lyndon Johnson signed the U.S. Freedom of Information Act into law. In 1997, the first Mars space probe, the Pathfinder, landed on the surface of the planet, and 5 years ago today, CERN announced the discovery of particles consistent with the predicted properties of the Higgs boson.

Notables born on this day include Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807), Stephen Foster (1826), Calvin Coolidge (1872), Rube Goldberg (1883), Ann Landers (Eppie Lederer; 1918), Queen Sonja of Norway (1937; see above), and Michael “The Situation” Sorrentino (1982). Here’s a Rube Goldberg cartoon showing his complicated “inventions,” I believe the Brits had an equivalent cartoonist but I can’t remember his name (I’m sure we’ll get it shortly):

Those who died on July 4 include, besides Adams and Jefferson, James Monroe, another U.S. President, who died on the 55th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence (1831), and velvet-voiced singer Barry White (2003). Meanwhile in Dobrzyn, the beasts have detected a strange odor:

Hili: Do you smell something?
Cyrus: Yes, but I don’t yet know what.
In Polish:
Hili: Coś wyczuwasz?
Cyrus: Tak, ale jeszcze nie wiem co.

 

Happy Fourth!

July 4, 2017 • 6:30 am

It’s Independence Day in American, celebrating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress. I’d guess that Great Britain would be mourning that rupture today, as they lost citizens like Richard Feynman, Stevie Nicks, and Jonas Salk, as well as clam chowder, apple pie, biscuits, barbecue, and bourbon; but then they’d also be stuck with Donny Osmond, Jerry Springer, and Donald Trump.

Today’s a holiday, and even I am taking a bit of a break, so posting will be lighter. But here are some Fourth of July Kitties provide by Grania, who is not an American:

Cultural appropriation cat (double appropriation!):

 

A how-to celebrate guide for cats: 

If you’re Murican, what are you doing today?

Collecting a cold moggie, and a squirrel with a green mustache

July 3, 2017 • 2:30 pm

This short video of how a Russian tabby comes home from the snow was tweeted by Dick King-Smith and sent to me by Matthew. How clever!

That cat could make a good jailbreak, too!

Here’s a squirrel named Seymour who’s enjoying a treat of avocado. In the process, he gives himself a green mustache!

 

Nice BBC show on science communication; Dawkins and Deborah Kelemen talk about evolution

July 3, 2017 • 1:00 pm

I’m just going to steal reader Colin’s email, which called my attention to a 42-minute BBC4 program featuring several people, although, as usual, Richard Dawkins gets top billing (see screenshot below). I’ve just listened to the show and recommend it. Here’s what Colin wrote me:

The program is now be available here. It discusses with Richard Dawkins a new book by child psychologist Deborah Kelemen, which introduces the concept of evolution to children through fictional creatures called piloses.  Her book, How the Piloses Evolved Skinny Noses, has a one line review from Steven Pinker on Amazon.

Richard Dawkins’ piece starts at around 17 minutes, and touches initially on a subject close to your heart, airline security checks, while discussing his latest collection of essays.  The subject of creationism comes up at 25 minutes.  Deborah’s book follows on about a minute later.

If you can spare half an hour, I think you may find it interesting.

Click on the screenshot to go to the program (press the arrow when you get to the site to hear it). Here’s the summary if you want a preview:

On Start the Week Andrew Marr asks whether scientists have failed in their task to communicate their work to the wider public. The ‘passionate rationalist’ Richard Dawkins has spent his career trying to illuminate the wonders of nature and challenge what he calls faulty logic. But he wonders whether Darwin would consider his legacy now with ‘a mixture of exhilaration and exasperation’. The child psychologist Deborah Kelemen has been working with young children to find out what they make of adaptation and evolution with the storybook, How the Piloses Evolved Skinny Noses, and is encouraged by the sophistication of their understanding. The mathematician Cathy O’Neil says it’s time people became more aware of the mathematical models and algorithms that dominate everything we do online and in finance, and yet are increasingly opaque, unregulated and left unchallenged. While Alex Bellos looks to improve numeracy with puzzles and brainteasers which have been entertaining and frustrating people for centuries.

Some highlights for me:

12:21: The famous “wolf, goat, and cabbage” puzzle, which is cool. Do you know the answer? I couldn’t figure it out in a few minutes of thinking, but I think I could if I had a pencil and paper.

16:23: The Dawkins bit begins with a question about the importance of mathematics in evolutionary biology (Dawkins points out, as I often do, that Darwin didn’t know much math and there are no equations in On the Origin of Species. He goes on to talk about the title of The Selfish Gene, rules, airline security (Woody Allen fans will find that Richard gets Allen’s quote on immortality wrong).

22:03: The discussion of science education begins; Richard decries the ubiquitous tendency to make science “fun”. Others chime in.

24:30: Discussion of creationism in American education.

25:10: Kelemen discusses misunderstandings of Darwinism and how her book overcomes them. (Dawkins chimes in that he likes the book, but says that it’s missing a crucial bit of information.) The discussion of how to teach science to kids goes on until the program almost ends.

39:55: The end: Richard pronounces on whether, in the future, the scientific mindset can overcome the hegemony of religion.

Richard also plugs his new book of essays (some new) called Science in the Soul: Selective Writings of a Passionate Rationalist. I’ve read it and think that overall it’s very good. It’s a Professor Ceiling Cat Recommendation™.

I haven’t read this one, but it might be good for kids. Have any readers seen it:

An ex-Provost spills the beans on The Evergreen State College

July 3, 2017 • 10:34 am

Michael Zimmerman was provost and vice-president for academic affairs of The Evergreen State College (TESC) from 2011-2016, but when the cowardly invertebrate George Bridges was hired as President, he summarily downgraded Zimmerman’s job, i.e., fired him from it. Zimmerman left TESC on July 1 of this year (2 days ago), and the very next day he posted a long essay about TESC on (of all places) HuffPo, “The Evergreen State College implosion: Are there lessons to be learned?” Zimmerman’s answer is a big “yes,” and he tells the story of the conflagration that’s consumed the college since November of last year, a fire whose nucleus is biology professor Bret Weinstein. It’s ironic that HuffPo published this, as they pander to the same kind of identity politics indicted by Zimmerman’s account.

I’ve posted quite a bit on Weinstein and TESC, so if you’re even a semi-regular here you’ll know that he gained infamy at the College by refusing to leave campus on the “Day of Departure,” when students of color asked white people to go away for a day (in the past students of color had themselves departed to hold seminars and events). Despite Weinstein’s stellar reputation as a teacher at the College and his long history of social and anti-racist activism, the email he sent got him called a racist, and the students became so agitated that Weinstein and his wife Heather Heying (also a biology prof at TESC) were forced to leave town with their children.

Zimmerman, now free to speak his mind, tells us that the demonization of Weinstein actually began last November, when Weinstein questioned a slapdash Strategic Equity Plan (see it here if you have the patience) that Bridges and a committee had put together. The plan apparently would have changed all future hires at Evergreen from not just requiring that “diversity” (i.e., race) be considered when hiring faculty (a normal procedure at all colleges), but that the position itself, be it physics, biology, art, and so on be required to teach “equity”. In other words, all positions would become social justice positions, a requirement that would kill off much of the humanities and all of the sciences. It would also enforce a stifling unanimity of viewpoint on the entire faculty (which is almost there anyway!). The plan hasn’t yet been adopted. Weinstein was demonized because he wanted to discuss the plan, which he thought would be bad for minorities and which statistical analysis said wouldn’t work anyway.

Zimmerman goes on about a few issues; I’ll quote him on them (indented):

The undiscussable Strategic Equity Plan.

[Weinstein] has played that role [the questioner and interlocutor] to a great extent and to the frustration of many this academic year, a year almost completely focused on the twin concepts of equity and inclusion on campus. Indeed, George Bridges, Evergreen’s relatively new president, reformulated a college-wide Equity Council and provided them with a very wide charge. The group consisted of 28 members, six of whom were current faculty members and they set to work to outline a strategic equity plan.

The Council created a plan without any public input and scheduled a meeting in the middle of November to present it to the campus community having announced that it had already received the blessing of President Bridges. The plan, as presented, was built on a statistical analysis of retention, achievement and graduation data and proposed to make significant changes to faculty hiring practices as well as to the structure of the curriculum. The meeting offered no opportunity for open discussion of the plan and was structured as an opportunity to celebrate the plan’s creation. Building on the region’s Salish culture, the meeting concluded with attendees being asked to metaphorically climb into a canoe to embark on a journey to equity. The implication was that if people failed to board the canoe, they would be left behind. Indeed, the sentiment was expressed by some that if you were unwilling to get on board, perhaps Evergreen was not the place you should be working.

Weinstein kept calling for the faculty to actually discuss the plan, something that apparently was not on. The College’s attitude was “here’s the plan; take it or shut up”. Read the Plan yourself if you don’t think it needed discussing. Well, a call for discussion of any sort was just what TESC didn’t want. (So much for what a college should be doing.) The results?

In response, [Weinstein] was branded a racist and an obstructionist. A faculty member who sat on the Equity Council explicitly called him a racist in two different faculty meetings. When Professor Weinstein asked for an opportunity to defend himself, he was told that a faculty meeting was not the appropriate venue for such a defense. When he asked what the appropriate venue was, he was told that no such venue existed because he was a racist. Neither the president nor the interim provost interceded to make it clear that leveling such charges against a fellow faculty member was unacceptable within the college community. When Professor Weinstein spoke privately with both of those administrators about these incidents, they both acknowledged the inappropriateness of the behavior but each said that it was the responsibility of the other to do something about it. Neither administrator took any public action in response.

What about the statistics that supposedly supported the plan but seemed wonky? Well, the faculty was supposed to shut up about that, too (my emphasis):

But even that tells only part of the story. As mentioned above, the Equity Strategic Plan was built on a statistical foundation. When the validity of that foundation was called into question, including by a robust analysis by an Evergreen alum currently in graduate school, the same faculty member who publicly called Professor Weinstein a racist began attacking scientists generally claiming that their reliance on data was dismissive of the concerns of students. President Bridges, upon being presented with the alum’s statistical critique, promised a response but none has been forthcoming.

This dismissal of data and analysis is of course characteristic of the postmodernism in which TESC is marinated.

Then there were the disruptions involving students:

A completely segregated course of study.

There was an on-going, mostly on-line discussion among students about limiting a program to be taught the following fall to students of color. One student objected asking how it would appear if the reverse were ever to be the case; if a program were to be limited to white students. (The program in question was to be taught by the faculty member who publicly called Professor Weinstein a racist.) The student raising the objection received a good deal of abuse and then, he claimed, he was physically confronted in the cafeteria. This student, himself a student of color, went to the campus police department to file a complaint against the two students he said assaulted him. The police began an investigation later that evening and one of the students interrogated was the leader of the protest that soon followed.

Student disruptions of speakers and ceremonies. I tell you, these students are entitled crybabies, a persona that, says Zimmerman, was cultivated and promoted by President Bridges and the faculty (Weinstein agrees, ultimately blaming most of the student unrest on the faculty). My emphasis here:

Fast forward to the day following the 2016 presidential election. Two campus events were scheduled for that day: a board of trustees meeting; and the dedication of the newly remodeled and renamed Purce Hall. Students upset by the election surrounded the trustees and berated them for their racist attitudes. The meeting was cancelled and hours later the building dedication was similarly disrupted – despite the fact that Purce Hall was named for Evergreen’s immediately preceding president, an African American who served as president for 15 years. Despite the chaos associated with both events, no students were brought up on disciplinary charges.

And this, in which Bridges behaved as the reprehensible and sleazy man that he is:

. . . we need to go back to the beginning of the 2016-17 academic year. Evergreen’s academic year begins with an all-campus convocation. That event includes a talk by the author of a book all in-coming students read over the summer. This year a number of students attempted to take over convocation and refused to permit the speaker to address the campus community. President Bridges managed to convince the students that they’d have a chance to be heard after the College’s invited guest spoke. Afterwards, the president sent out a note to the full campus community apologizing for his actions saying that he should have let the students speak when they wanted – that their voices were every bit as important as that of the author of the common read.

Can you believe that the President apologized for not letting the students disrupt the talk of a speaker whose book had been assigned reading for new students? And of course the students felt entitled to disrupt that talk. They and Bridges are cut from the whole cloth. They are the thugs, and Bridges the capo di tutt’i capi. 

Faculty responsibility for enabling bad behavior.  I’ll give one example here. You may already know that the TESC faculty called for Weinstein to be investigated after he went on Fox News, and that only one professor has spoken up in his defense despite others (including, now, Zimmerman) who have agreed with Weinstein but remained silent. Get a load of this:

On 14 November, two days prior to the meeting at which the Equity Council’s strategic plan was released, she [JAC: an unnamed faculty member that I name below] made the following post on Facebook: “SERIOUSLY JUST BE QUIET. ONLY APPOINTED/APPROVED WHITES CAN SPEAK (AND ONLY WHEN SPOKEN TO). When that post, a post by a member of the Equity Council, was brought to the attention of President Bridges, he opted to do nothing publicly.

An even more disturbing Facebook post by this faculty member generated no response from the administration but actually gained defenders from the faculty ranks. The post was in response to a note written by Professor Weinstein’s wife, Heather Heying, also a faculty member at Evergreen. After Professor Weinstein was warned by Evergreen’s police chief to stay away from campus because his safety couldn’t be guaranteed, and after administrators were held hostage in their offices by a student group, the interim provost wrote a note saying that if anyone felt unsafe, they should come and speak with him or one of the deans. Professor Heying thought this note was both insensitive and disingenuous since obviously her husband was unsafe in the eyes of the police chief and he was advised against setting foot on campus. The faculty member responded to this note by posting this on Facebook: “Oh lord, Could some white women at Evergreen come and collect Heather Heying’s racist ass. Jesus”

Zimmerman doesn’t identify the professor, but her name is Naima Lowe, a professor of media, and we’ve seen her before. Here’s her tweet (she also uses the Twitter name “Naima Niambi”:

That’s from a professor, and could be interpreted as a call to harassment or violence. Whatever it means, it’s unseemly, but in character with TESC’s ridiculously Authoritarian faculty.

The upshot.  Zimmerman answers his title question with “yes”; the fracas at TESC has wider implications for American higher education. It’s what happens when Authoritarian Leftist students gain control of a school, egged on by faculty members who indoctrinated them with that brand of Leftism as well as postmodernism. I’m really surprised that most media outlets have ignored what’s going on at TESC. It’s a small and largely unknown school, but what happened there could happen at other places, for many schools—some of them good ones—are showing signs of Evergreen Disease. Chronicle of Higher Education, are you listening? Here’s Zimmerman’s conclusion:

The Evergreen campus has become a place where identity politics takes precedence over every other aspect of social intercourse. It has become a place where it is acceptable for colleagues to levy personal attacks on colleagues in response to differences of opinion and even in response to calls for dialogue. It has become a place where it is acceptable to shout down those with whom you disagree. And it has become a place where the administration watches from the sidelines, apparently fearful of antagonizing anyone.

But that is not what leadership is about. Leadership means treating all members of a community with respect and demanding that others do the same. It also means publicly holding community members responsible for their behavior. Finally, it means having and upholding a set of principles, even when doing so might be uncomfortable.

Evergreen is not alone in the constellation of institutions of higher education facing these problems. It is, however, a place that has allowed extremists to dominate and discussion to die. Others will do well to learn from the mistakes made on this campus.

Amen. The termites have gone very far, and dined very well.

Readers’ wildlife photos

July 3, 2017 • 7:45 am

Today’s post continues the Story of the American Coot (Fulica americana) , a tale in three parts with a lot of cool science. Story and photos are by Bruce Lyon, a biologist at the University of California at Santa Cruz. Part I was posted six days ago, this is Part II, and we’ll have Part III soon. I’m fascinated by these birds, and used to watch them at the pond on the campus of the University of California at Davis. They have weird feet and the most bizarre-looking chicks of any North American bird I know. Bruce’s notes are indented:

Coot Soap Opera, Part II

At first blush, American coot family life seems downright crazy, but with closer inspection it mostly makes sense. In the previous post on coots. I mentioned that coots forgot to read the textbooks on how territorial fights are supposed to work. In contrast, though, coots are textbook experts in some aspects of family life. Specifically, the species provides a really nice illustration of David Lack’s ideas on clutch size evolution in birds.

Lack, director of the Edward Grey Institute of Ornithology at Oxford from 1945-73, suggested influential ideas about the evolution of clutch size. These ideas were couched in terms of individual selection—why a female benefits from laying a particular clutch size—and they played a role in the big debate at the time over whether natural selection acted on the level of individuals or on groups/populations. Individual-level selection won the day.

To study coot family life, we had to find coot nests and follow the fates of each egg from laying, through to hatching and then independence from parents at the end of the breeding season.

Below: A student volunteer checks a nest to see how many eggs are present and, with a Sharpie marker, she labels any new eggs. Coots lay an egg a day and in some years we checked nests daily so that we could know the exact laying order of each egg in a nest.

Below: a nest showing eggs with their individual numbers.

Below: For some research questions we needed know which egg each chick hatched from, so I used a technique called pip-marking, long used by waterfowl biologists. When an egg starts to hatch, the chick pokes a little hole near the top of the egg with its beak. Once that happens, the exact position of the chick’s foot inside the egg is known because chicks always orient their bodies in the same way. Then a small hole in the shell can be made at the foot location and a toe can be extracted. Duck biologists attach a tiny numbered metal tag to the duckling’s web; coots lack webbed feet so I just dulled a toe nail slightly by clipping the tip; and after hatch I searched for the chick with the dull toenail. I do not have a good photo of this technique for coots, but here is a photo showing a goldeneye duckling being pip-marked in the egg with a web-tag.

Coots lay quite large clutches (average 9 eggs, range 4-15 eggs). Most of these eggs hatch, but only about 50% of the hatchlings survive in a population. At the family level, some parents raise almost all of their chicks while others raise only one or two. The general term for this chick mortality is ‘brood reduction’.

Below: When chicks are young they have to be fed by their parents or they starve. This parent offers a chick the tiniest morsel.

Why do so many coot chicks die? I suspected that starvation was the culprit, for during brood observations some chicks were rarely or even never fed by their parents. I carefully surveyed several focal territories daily to see if I could find any bodies of the chicks that were disappearing and it did not take long to confirm starvation. The territories were littered with carcasses of dead chicks and the chicks were all underweight based on predictions from their leg size.

Below: The ugly face of starvation— a sample of some of the chicks I found dead on their parents’ breeding territories.

Whether a coot chick lives or dies is strongly linked to hatch order. Coots show extreme ‘hatching asynchrony’, whereby hatching is very staggered. Parents achieve this hatch pattern by starting to incubate the eggs well before all eggs in the clutch have been laid, which causes the earlest-laid eggs to hatch before later-laid eggs. The average hatching spread from the first-hatched to last-hatched chick in a brood is five days, but in extreme cases the age difference can be eight or nine days. It is the younger, later-hatched chicks that tend to starve in a brood, and the relation between risk of starvation and hatching order is very strong.

Below: I don’t have a decent photos of hatching asynchrony in coots, but the photo below of short-eared owls, a ground nesting owl, shows the pattern nicely (photo taken near Kinston Ontario). Note the size difference among the chicks—and one egg is yet to hatch! Many of these owlets had already left the nest and were hiding nearby in the grass so they had to be rounded up for their family portrait.

All of the death and destruction in coot families seems wasteful and unnecessary—why lay so many eggs that cannot be raised? Once again it was David Lack who provided key insights on brood reduction. Building on his idea that clutch size is determined by the amount of food parents can provide to their family, Lack realized that this food supply may not always be predictable when the eggs are laid. A solution would be to lay an optimistic clutch size for the best possible conditions and then, if needed, let brood reduction align the family size with the actual food supply. [For Monty Python fans, note the resemblance here to the The Meaning of Life skit on Catholic family size: life is unpredictable, Dad suddenly loses his job at the mill, and the huge family of kids must then be sold off for scientific experiments.]

Below: Two fortunate full-grown coot chicks that made it through the childhood gauntlet. Note that the chicks lack the ‘frontal shield’ of their parent (middle bird)—the extension of the beak up into the forehead area. In some rails, the frontal shield is a badge of status that indicates fighting ability—birds with bigger shields are socially dominant. This may also apply to coots.

Coots seem to fit Lack’s brood reduction idea pretty well. That some parents raise one chick while others raise ten chicks certainly suggests that food supply for the kids varies among families. And the observation that the birds with small families still tend to lay nine or ten eggs suggests the coots are not very good at predicting food supply for chicks when they lay their eggs. I can think of a couple of possible explanations for why coot parents cannot predict food supply, but these are pure speculation. First, family size correlates with territory size, so perhaps coots cannot count on their territory borders remaining constant through the season. Second, my study of marked coots (neck collars) revealed an unusual pattern for birds—almost none of the adults I tagged ever returned to breed on the same wetlands the following year. Coots clearly live for more than one year, so this means that they must breed in different locations each year. Changing breeding locations would mean that coots would not have prior information on how productive a wetland is in terms of food supply for chicks.

Below: Random fact—despite high rates of chick starvation, coot families still spend considerable time loafing about and preening. Kids schmids—a parent needs a little down time.

JAC: LOOK AT THOSE CHICKS!!

Back to the hatching asynchrony. David Lack proposed that the primary function of hatching asynchrony is to facilitate brood reduction; if food is limiting, the size differences among chicks create competitive differences that permit rapid, efficient culling of surplus chicks. The fact the chick survival is so strongly linked to hatch order in coots is consistent with this idea, and I was long convinced that this was the function of hatching asynchrony. However, when my student Dai and I experimentally created synchronously hatching broods, we found that brood reduction was just as efficiently at synchronous broods. Hatching asynchrony must have some other explanation (there are something like 16 hypotheses for hatching asynchrony, so there are lots of possibilities to consider).

TO BE CONTINUED…..

Monday: Hili dialogue

July 3, 2017 • 6:30 am

Today, July 3, 2017, remains part of the four-day U.S. holiday weekend, finishing tomorrow (with a literal bang) on Independence Day. It’s National Chocolate Wafer Day, though I’d prefer a dark chocolate McVitie’s Digestive Biscuit: my Desert Island Cookie. And I’ll just leave this here: according to Wikipedia, today is “the start of the Dog Days according to the Old Farmer’s Almanac but not according to established meaning in most European cultures.” If you’re European, tell us, then, when the Dog Days—the hot and sweatiest days of summer—officially begin.

If you’re a tennis fan, you’ll know that Wimbledon is on through July 15, and there’s an animated Google Doodle in its honor:

On July 3, 1608, Québec City was founded by Samuel de Champlain. In 1775, a year and a day before the Declaration of Independence was signed, George Washington took command of the Continental Army at Cambridge, Massachusetts. On this day in 1844, the world’s last known pair of Great Auks (Pinguinus impennis) were killed in Iceland. Perhaps George Church will genetically engineer their revival (just kidding!). They were known as the “penguins of the north” because they were flightless, big (0.8 meter high, weight 5 kilos, or 11 pounds), black and white, and denizens of cold climes. Here’s “specimen number 8” (and a replica egg) in Glasgow. What a pity they’re gone.

On this day in 1863, the Battle of Gettysburg ended with the disastrous Pickett’s Charge; the Confederates then retreated, licking their wounds. On July 3, 1996, the Stone of Scone was returned to Scotland. Exactly four years ago, the Arab Spring came to Egypt as President Mohamed Morsi was overthrown by the military.

Here’s the Stone of Scone, used for centuries to help crown Scottish kings, then captured by the English, temporarily stolen and returned by students, and then finally returned to Scotland, where it now resides in Edinburgh Castle:

Rest easy, ye Scots!

Notables born on July 3 include George M. Cohan (1878), Franz Kafka (1883), Tom Stoppard (1937; he’s 80 today), and Tom Cruise (1962; he’s 55!). Here’s a photo of me with the Great Playwright at the Hay Literary Festival a few years back:

Those who died on this day include Theodor Herzl (1904), Brian Jones (1969), Jim Morrison (1971), Rudy Vallée, (1986), and Andy Griffith (2012). Meanwhile in Dobrzyn, Hili has stopped to smell the roses, but only to criticize the bouquet:

Hili: Only the thorns have retained their freshness.
A: OK, I will change the flowers in the vase later.
In Poliah:
Hili: Tylko kolce zachowały pierwotną świeżość.
Ja: Dobrze, później zmienię kwiaty w wazonie.

And a tw**t sent by reader Barry:

https://twitter.com/BabyAnimalPics/status/880582913695383553