An island snake, lost and found

May 23, 2014 • 3:54 pm

by Greg Mayer

Islands that have never been connected to a continent, often called oceanic islands, must receive their flora and fauna over water, by what Darwin termed “occasional means of transport”. Such means include floating (e.g. coconuts), wind (e.g. spiders), rafting (e.g. iguanas), ice floes (e.g. arctic foxes), and, of course, flying (e.g. birds and bats). Because the ability to disperse is rather unevenly distributed across a continental fauna, the animals of oceanic islands are usually a rather distinctive subset of what is found on the nearest continents. Insular faunas have bats and birds, often lizards and snakes, occasionally mice and rats, but only very rarely amphibians or larger terrestrial mammals.

Another feature of insular faunas is that they are rich in endemics (forms peculiar to the island), because of the rarity of gene flow from the mainland. Unfortunately, these endemic forms, having evolved in isolation with an unusual fauna around them (lacking in predators, for example), often succumb to the environmental changes wrought by man when their islands are discovered and colonized. There have been some cases where island species thought extinct have been rediscovered alive, most famously perhaps the case of the giant lacertid lizards of the Canary Islands. A case from the Revillagigedo Islands in the Mexican Pacific poses an interesting twist on the rediscovery story.

Clarion nightsnake (Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha unaocularis) on Clarion Island by Daniel Mulcahy.
Clarion nightsnake (Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha unaocularus) on Clarion Island by Daniel Mulcahy.

In a paper in PlosOne, Daniel Mulcahy and colleagues from the Instituto de Ecología in Xalapa, Veracruz, México and the U.S. National Museum (including my old friend and mentor George Zug) report the rediscovery of an extant population of the Clarion Island nightsnake (Hypsiglena ochrorhyncha unaocularus). The only previous specimen known had been collected by the intrepid naturalist William Beebe in 1936, and had been scientifically described as an endemic form on the basis of this specimen by Wilmer Tanner in 1944.

What makes this case different from the more usual rediscovery is that in 1955, because no further specimens had been found, Bayard Brattstrom suggested that the original specimen had come from the Mexican mainland, and that the locality data on Beebe’s specimen was in error. Thus the Clarion nightsnake disappeared not into the roll of the extinct, but into the roll of the never existed! So, for nearly 80 years, until 2013, no one had found a Clarion nightsnake, and for most of that time no one thought there even was such a thing.

Mulcahy and colleagues did two things. First, rereading Beebe’s writings about his Clarion expedition, it was clear to them that Beebe had not made an error in labeling where his snake was from– he was very explicit about having found the snake on Clarion, and not the mainland. Second, in 2013 they went to Clarion, and armed with Beebe’s book, they quickly found the right place, and the snakes. They found eleven in all, collected five, and took blood samples and photos of the rest. Thus, knowing the right place and time of day to look, the species proves to be locally common.

Clarion Island, by Daniel Mulcahy.
Clarion Island, by Daniel Mulcahy.

Based on their morphological and DNA analyses, Mulcahy and colleagues have raised the Clarion snake from a subspecies to a species, but as we’ve discussed before on WEIT the ranking of divergent allopatric forms is a judgment call, and not really the take home message here. Rather it’s a genuine rediscovery (not a shift in taxonomic rank) of an island endemic, which is potentially threatened by several factors, including introduced animals. Mulcahy and colleagues make several recommendations to help insure the snake’s survival.

The Revillagigedo Islands (from Wikipedia).
The Revillagigedo Islands (from Wikipedia).

________________________________________________________________

Beebe, C.W.  1938. Zaca Venture.  Harcourt, Brace, New York.

Brattstrom, B.H. 1955. Notes on the herpetology of the Revillagigedo Islands, Mexico. American Midland Naturalist 54:219-229.

Mulcahy, D.G., J.E. Martínez-Gómez, G. Aguirre-León, J.A. Cervantes-Pasqualli, and G.R. Zug. 2014. Rediscovery of an endemic vertebrate from the remote Islas Revillagigedo in the eastern Pacific Ocean: the Clarión nightsnake lost and found. Plosone 9(5): e97682 (8 pp). pdf

Tanner, W.W. 1944. A taxonomic study of the genus Hypsiglena. Great Basin Naturalist 5: 25–92. pdf

h/t Jim Ebsary

Mama bear rescues cub from highway, mama elephant rescues calf from river

May 23, 2014 • 1:49 pm

Ah,the power of kin selection! Here are two heartwarmers to end this week on a high note and to rinse our mouths of Chopra.

From CBC News

. . . tornado hunter Ricky Forbes was driving through Kootenay National Park when he spotted a black bear cub sitting dangerously close to the highway.

According to the Telegraph, Forbes stopped to film the cub, when suddenly the mother popped up from behind the concrete barrier at the side of the road and hauled the cub to safety.

In the video, the mother bear looks both ways at the traffic before gently lifting the cub with her jaws, all while a second cub watches from the top of the barrier before the bears disappear into the forest.

*****

And, from Africa, another rescue. The YouTube notes give details:

Incredible footage by Kicheche Laikipia guest Sandy Gelderman filmed on one of her safari’s in the Ol Pejeta Conservancy. Kicheche silver guide Onesmus Lesiata, spotted the herd approaching the rain-swollen Ewaso Nyiro river. With the river deep, mountain high banks are never easy for adults, let alone a six month old calf, so being washed away in the current was a very real possibility. Thankfully mum and her emergency swat team enacted a remarkable rescue. They say elephants can remember, well this little calf will remember this advanced swimming lesson for the rest of its life, as will Sandy.

 

h/t: Jim E.., P.

More commencement speakers pull out due to political incorrectness

May 23, 2014 • 10:04 am

First Ayaan Hirsi Ali’s invitation to speak at the Brandeis commencement was withdrawn, and now there are more, for Political Correctness season is upon us. Certainly universities have the right to choose their speakers, but it’s bad form to choose someone and then rescind their invitation, or to cave in to student pressures that make speakers withdraw.

According to a piece in the May 14 Wall Street Journal, this business is getting out of hand. Indented quotes from the WSJ (my emphasis) document two more cases of speakers being policed.

1.  On Monday, Smith announced the withdrawal of Christine Lagarde, the French head of the International Monetary Fund. And what might the problem be with Madame Lagarde, considered one of the world’s most accomplished women? An online petition signed by some 480 offended Smithies said the IMF is associated with “imperialistic and patriarchal systems that oppress and abuse women worldwide.” With unmistakable French irony, Ms. Lagarde withdrew “to preserve the celebratory spirit” of Smith’s commencement.

2. On Tuesday, Haverford College’s graduating intellectuals forced commencement speaker Robert J. Birgeneau to withdraw. Get this: Mr. Birgeneau is the former chancellor of UC Berkeley, the big bang of political correctness. It gets better.

Berkeley’s Mr. Birgeneau is famous as an ardent defender of minority students, the LGBT community and undocumented illegal immigrants. What could possibly be wrong with this guy speaking at Haverford??? Haverfordians were upset that in 2011 the Berkeley police used “force” against Occupy protesters in Sproul Plaza. They said Mr. Birgeneau could speak at Haverford if he agreed to nine conditions, including his support for reparations for the victims of Berkeley’s violence.

What the hell?

3. And, as we know from several weeks ago, Condaleeza Rice withdrew from speaking at Rutgers after student protests

The WSJ is, of course, a conservative organ, and goes on to decry the “loopiness” of the left wing and the ostracism of conservative professors, as well the tendency of universities to allow “the nuttiest professors to dumb down courses and even whole disciplines into tendentious gibberish.” That’s an exaggeration, but still, it’s disturbing that we see the left attacking, in effect, freedom of speech. If you don’t like Condaleeza Rice (and I sure don’t), that doesn’t mean you should mount such a protest against her that she has to withdraw. Are all speakers to be vetted for signs of cryptic conservatism? Are students that loath to hear views that might disagree with them?

I’m no conservative, but these Commencement Police frighten me, and paint students as self-entitled, fragile beings who can’t countenance dissent—unless it’s their own. At my own commencement at William and Mary in 1971, we had an undistinguished state legislator as speaker—and this after many of us wanted a more leftist person.  But we didn’t shout him down, or pressure the university to withdraw his invitation. Instead, we organized a “counter commencement,” held at a different time and place, and our class invited and paid for Charles Evers, the older brother of slain civil rights worker Medgar Evers.

On one point the Journal has it right:

No one could possibly count the compromises of intellectual honesty made on American campuses to reach this point. It is fantastic that the liberal former head of Berkeley should have to sign a Maoist self-criticism to be able to speak at Haverford. Meet America’s Red Guards.

Indeed. The remedy for speech you don’t like and have rational arguments against, is this: more speech—counter speech.

 

 

 

 

Deepak Chopra: Quantum troll

May 23, 2014 • 7:03 am

Whenever I think of the Deepakity, I’m immediately reminded of Maru the Cat, who, explaining his obsession with jumping into boxes of all sizes, said, “When I see a box, I cannot help but enter.”

And so it is with Chopra. This is a metaphor of course, but think of Chopra as Maru and the New Atheists as boxes of varying sizes. Chopra cannot stand the fact that, as a group, we consider him an unrepentant quack, and a polluter of genuine science with his quantum obfuscation. He’s obsessed with being taken seriously as a scientist, and with the rest of us paying attention to his ridiculous lucubrations. I hope that one of these days he’ll just give up. In the meantime, he directs his Twi**er comments obsessively toward Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris, Dan Dennett, Michael Shermer, and me (the smallest box), not realizing that, with the rare exception of Shermer, nobody ever answers him. I never even see his tw**ts, for I use Twi**er only to announce the posts here.  And why on earth should I pay the slightest attention to someone who says stuff like this?:

Screen shot 2014-05-23 at 7.08.36 AMNow there’s a pair of cutting-edge scientists for you!

I was reminded of all this because skeptic and tech expert Tim Farley has a new post about it over at Skeptical Software Tools, a piece called “Misleading posts in Deepak Chopra’s Twitter Feed verge on trolling.

Inspired by a note from Susan Gerbic, head of the admirable outfit Guerilla Skepticism on Wikipedia, Farley used his skills to dig into the history of Chopra’s tw**ts.  And his findings were at once funny (for us) and sad (for Deepak):

It used to be that digging around in old tweets was very difficult, because Twitter’s search function only went back a few weeks. But last year Twitter enhanced search to include years of old tweets. Using Twitter’s advanced search function (which has also been recently enhanced), I dug deeper into Chopra’s Twitter feed to see how often he does things like this.

What emerges is a sad pattern of a man who has almost 2 million followers (and a verified account!) acting as if it is vitally important his followers see that he is debating with certain key atheists on Twitter. He also seems bizarrely obsessed with getting certain people to read his blog. In the process I believe he’s skirting the Twitter rules on spam, and encouraging bad behavior in some of his co-authors as well.

The results of Farley’s analysis aren’t surprising:

You don’t have to go far down Deepak Chopra’s twitter feed most days to find him mentioning one or another of the so-called “New Atheists” in a tweet. A casual observer might believe that Chopra is constantly having conversations on Twitter with them, debating and exchanging ideas.

But a click or two quickly shows that these tweets are very rarely part of conversations. They are one-sided affairs instigated by Chopra and rarely if ever reciprocated. The one exception is PZ Myers who has tweeted at Chopra about the same number of times Chopra has to him.

I used Twitter’s advanced search to run up the totals for seven accounts I’ve seen Chopra tweeting: Jerry CoyneRichard DawkinsDaniel DennettSam HarrisLawrence KraussPZ Myers and Michael Shermer. I found that the actual conversations are the exception, not the rule.

In fact, dating back to 2010 there are well over 1,000 separate mentions (in over 850 tweets – he often mentions multiple people per tweet) from Deepak Chopra to the seven. He’s only ever gotten just over 50 mentions in return.  That’s a ratio of something like 18 or 20 to one, depending on how you count. I’m not Twitter’s enforcement department, but in my humble opinion that looks like spam or abuse to me.  Although some of these tweets date back to 2010, the frequency has markedly increased since January 2013 and continues to this day.

Three of the people involved have never @-mentioned Chopra on Twitter, even once (Coyne, Dawkins and Dennett), as far as I can find. Indeed, it only takes a quick look at their feeds to notice that neither Daniel Dennett nor Jerry Coyne ever reply to anyone – they merely use their Twitter to post announcements.  (Coyne has clearly stated this on his blog). [JAC: It is not a blog!]

Here’s one of hundreds of examples where he desperately wants someone (Dawkins in this case) to READ CHOPRA’S STUFF:

Screen shot 2014-05-23 at 7.22.22 AM

Farley notes re the above (and then below):

Used sparingly, this is a valid technique on Twitter. It can even be considered a courtesy if that person is mentioned in the post. I’ve done it myself. But in my opinion Chopra takes it to an extreme, even doing such things as retweeting himself

Another way Chopra abuses this is by retweeting the same link to multiple people over and over. Notice here how he repeatedly tweets the same video to Jerry Coyne (along with some others) back in November:

Screen shot 2014-05-23 at 7.23.10 AM

Chopra also has minions who follow his lead, and one of them in particular is a nasty piece of work:

If you recall from the previous post about Chopra’s Wikipedia conflict-of-interest problem, last November Chopra wrote a four-part article titled the “Rise and Fall of Militant Skepticism”, which various people including Steven Novella and Jerry Coyne savagely critiqued.

Chopra’s co-author on that series was Jordan Flesher, a young psychology student who apparently has learned his Twitter habits from Chopra. What’s immediately striking about Flesher’s timeline is how Chopra-focused it is. He retweets Chopra constantly, and very often tweets pleas to major atheists to read some article or another, very similar to Chopra’s:

Screen shot 2014-05-23 at 7.28.56 AM Screen shot 2014-05-23 at 7.29.10 AMDennett is surely not a disgrace to academia, but Flesher and Chopra are just as surely a disgrace to science. Farley’s conclusion?

I believe Deepak Chopra is being disingenuous by constantly posting to these people. While it is true that he has debated some of them face-to-face, for instance Dawkins and Shermer, surely he has noticed by now that they never reply to him on Twitter. Thus the posts serve only the purpose of “show” for his own followers.  The mean spiritedness of some of the posts seems to be part of that.

Meanwhile, he is pushing the limits of what Twitter clearly defines as spam, in his ongoing efforts to get these people to engage with his writing. He repeatedly tweet the same links over and over in violation of Twitter’s clearly stated rules.

It’s really kind of sad. The rest of Chopra’s Twitter feed (the part where he’s not selling something) is littered with exhortations to be at one with the universe and to be calm and peaceful. Too bad he doesn’t listen to his own advice, and realize that it really doesn’t matter to the universe if Richard Dawkins reads his latest blog post.

These are my favorite tw**ts Chopra has directed at me, though I didn’t see them till someone called them to my attention.  The first was elicited by the estimable Sharon Hill, creator and editor of Doubtful News:

1457632_10201505656616507_567410956_n

Homo Erectus! If Chopra knew his science, he’d know that “erectus” isn’t capitalized.

And then there are these nasty bits:

Screen shot 2014-05-23 at 7.34.36 AM

Actually, I adore this stuff. I don’t care about the attention from others, as I don’t hear about it anyway, but I love it that Chopra, despite his pretense of calmness and oneness with the Quantum Consciousness of the Universe, simply can’t stay out of the New Atheist Box. He’s one of those thin-skinned people, who, like Peter Hitchens and Ross Douthat, hasn’t yet learned the first lesson of internet journalism: try not to respond when someone goes after you. It rarely improves your situation. Now sometimes I do respond, but only when I think there’s a point to be made.

And if Chopra reads this, as he undoubtedly will, let me tell him once again, letting slip a bit of invective in response to his: “Deepak, I do not read Twi**er. I pay no attention to your posts, so please stop tw**ting at me. And, for the record, I think you’re not only a quack, but a mean-spirited man whose behavior violates the very principles you try to sell. Oh, and you’re about as far from being a real scientist as is Rupert Sheldrake: that is, in the scientific solar system, you’re well out beyond Pluto.”

 

Readers’ wildlife photos

May 23, 2014 • 4:59 am

Honeycreepers!  Reader Bruce Lyon sent photos of three species from Costa Rica, along with his notes and the IDs (indented):

During my recent trip to Costa Rica I had the delightful experience of having all three species of Costa Rican honeycreepers feeding at a bird feeder at the same time. Color explosion!  Honeycreepers are tanagers and, as their name suggests, they like sweet things. Nectar is a key part of their diet but they love fruit too and are readily attracted to fruit tables. These birds were all photographed at a wooden platform supporting a hand of very ripe bananas.  Honeycreepers were formally placed in their own family (I think), but fairly recent phylogenetic work suggests that they do not comprise a monophyletic group. Nectar-feeding, and the various traits that accompany this diet, appear to have arisen independently in a few different tanager clades.

A male Shining Honeycreeper (Cyanerpes lucidus). Check out the legs on this guy. They are so fleshy and bright yellow that they almost look plastic.  The striking leg colors on this species and the Red-legged Honeycreepers suggests that leg color might be under sexual selection:

Shining honeycreeper male

A female Shining Honeycreeper—her legs are somewhat less ridiculous than the male’s:

Shining honeycreeper female

 A male Red-legged Honeycreeper (Cyanerpes cyaneus). These guys are particularly common and at times a dozen or more birds can swarm a feeder:

Red-legged Honeycreeper mal

 A young male Red-legged Honeycreeper making the transition from subadult to full adult male plumage:

Red-legged Honeycreeper m 1

Last, a male Green Honeycreeper (Cholorphanes spiza). This green color almost seems unnatural—I have no clue what name would apply to this green. No fancy legs on this guy, which is interesting because this species is not closely related to the above two species.

Green Honeycreeper male

Friday: Hili dialogue, with extra Spaghetti Monster!

May 23, 2014 • 4:26 am

It’s Friday, and the long Memorial Day weekend  lies ahead (well, at least for some of us). Which seat can you take. Hili has apparently taken the Seat of Snark!

A. Our readers are becoming anxious…
Hili: What about?
A. About your looking frightened in those pictures…
Hili: And have you seen their pictures?
10156005_10203419491435294_9134421367024968680_n
In Polish:
Ja: Czytelnicy “Listów” zaczęli się niepokoić…
Hili: Czym?
Ja: Że na zdjęciach wyglądasz na wystraszoną…
Hili: A widziałeś ich zdjęcia?
Okay, Hili, since you asked, here’s my picture:

Photo on 2014-05-21 at 13.36 #3

As I mentioned in a post from Kamloops, each of the speakers at the “Imagine No Religion 4” conference got a lovely hand-knitted (or hand-crocheted; I don’t know the difference) version of the Flying Spaghetti Monster. They were made by a nice woman named Lisa Blackman, who made them while watching the talks (it takes her two hours for each one). I love mine, and discovered that it makes a swell disguise—one that might frighten the Polish princess.

After I inserted this photo, I was shocked to realize that I didn’t know where the Flying Spaghetti Monster came from. Fortunately, Wikipedia has a very substantial entry on the pasta deity, which explains all:

In January 2005, Bobby Henderson, then a 24-year-old Oregon State University physics graduate, sent an open letter regarding the Flying Spaghetti Monster to the Kansas State Board of Education. The letter was sent prior to the Kansas evolution hearings as an argument against the teaching of intelligent design in biology classes. Henderson, describing himself as a “concerned citizen” representing more than ten million others, argued that intelligent design and his belief “the universe was created by a Flying Spaghetti Monster” were equally valid. In his letter, he noted,

“I think we can all look forward to the time when these three theories are given equal time in our science classrooms across the country, and eventually the world; one third time for Intelligent Design, one third time for Flying Spaghetti Monsterism, and one third time for logical conjecture based on overwhelming observable evidence.”—Bobby Henderson

How nice to see a few throwaway words become not just an icon, but an entire church. You can find the official Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster website here.