More on swimming tortoises

May 8, 2015 • 1:30 pm

by Greg Mayer

Dennis Hansen, our Aldabra correspondent, sent Jerry a very nice video of a swimming Aldabra giant tortoise (Aldabrachelys gigantea). This immediately brought to mind what is, in my view, one of the most important recent papers in biogeography, “The first substantiated case of trans-oceanic tortoise dispersal” by Justin Gerlach, Catharine Muir, and Matthew Richmond.

In the paper, they report an Aldabra tortoise that came ashore on a beach in Kimbiji, Tanzania in 2004. After considering several possibilities, they conclude that the tortoise had floated in from Aldabra, over 700 km away across the Indian Ocean. The copious growth of large barnacles on the limbs and lower parts of the carapace certainly suggested that the tortoise had spent a considerable amount of time in the sea.

The Aldabra tortoise at Kimbiji, shortly after its discovery in December 2004. Photograph: C. Muir. Figure 1 of Gerlach et al. (2006).
The Aldabra tortoise at Kimbiji, shortly after its discovery in December 2004. Photograph: C. Muir. Figure 1 of Gerlach et al. (2006).

Dennis’s video shows that the tortoises enter water, and how they move about in the shallows. The Kimbiji tortoise, despite the ability to swim, could not have swum to the main, but was rather mostly carried by the currents, and presumably spent its time at sea keeping its head, and most of the dome of its carapace, above water. It was, however, walking ashore, apparently intentionally, when found.

So why is this important? It has long been supposed that animals and plants get to oceanic islands by what Darwin called “occasional means of transport“: carried along on logs, masses of vegetation, ice floes, attached to birds, or floating by themselves in the water. (Darwin carried out a series of experiments on the ability of various plant seeds to float in sea water, and their ability to germinate after varying periods of immersion.) Tortoises have usually been thought to float by themselves because of the difficulty they would have in clinging to vegetation, and also because the practice of mariners of earlier centuries of putting giant tortoises in the holds of their ships as a living food supply had shown that tortoises could live for many months without food or water.

Although Darwin and many subsequent zoogeographers (e.g., P.J. Darlington) invoked such occasional means of transport, there has always been a school of thought arguing that such crossings of the ocean by land animals were nigh impossible, and that the presence of non-flying land animals on an island implied a past land connection. In the first half of the 20th century, this school constructed speculative land bridges crisscrossing the oceans, in order for every island animal to have had a dry-shod passage to the island from its home of origin. In the later 20th century, with the development of plate tectonics, the land bridge builders were succeeded by drift enthusiasts, who thought drifting crustal plates could serve to bring oceanic islands into juxtaposition with continents, so that, again, animals might get to islands without having to cross water (or at least not much). (The drift enthusiasts had the advantage that continental drift actually does occur, even if not in the exact plate configurations they hoped for, whereas the land bridge builders’ long, thin isthmuses crossing abyssal oceans have not been borne out by geology.) So, the more or less direct observation of transoceanic crossing by an occasional means of transport provides a crucial link—a vera causa—in the argument for the occurrence and importance of such means in the colonization of islands.

Some younger biologists, raised (and properly so!) on plate tectonics, and perhaps lacking acquaintance with older literature and island organisms in the field, had taken the drift enthusiasts’ claims too much to heart, and seemed to be unaware of the importance of transoceanic dispersal. Now that molecular phylogenies often bolster the argument for the importance of occasional means of transport, they seem a bit surprised to find out that there indeed has been a lot of ocean crossing, not just to oceanic islands, but between continents and continental islands as well. We discussed one such case here on WEIT, the ratite birds, where what had seemed to actually be a good case for continental drift seems to actually involve a fair amount of oceanic crossing. The zoologist Alan de Queiroz has written a popular book on the biology of oceanic dispersal, and the sociology of its rediscovery by some biologists.


de Queiroz, A. 2014. The Monkey’s Voyage: How Improbable Journeys Shaped the History of Life. Basic Books, New York.

Gerlach, J, C. Muir and M.D. Richmond. 2006 The first substantiated case of trans-oceanic tortoise dispersal. Journal of Natural History 40(41–43): 2403–2408. pdf

New fossils: the world’s earliest known bird

May 8, 2015 • 11:15 am

Here’s a short scientific report (yesterday’s didn’t inspire much enthusiasm)—short because much of the paleontology is beyond my expertise, as the paper consists largely of describing features I’m not familiar with. But this new paper in Nature by Min Wang et al. (link and reference below) is quite important, for it describes what appears to be the earliest true bird: two specimens of a species found in China in the early Cretaceous (130.7 million year old). And it pushes the origin of the ancestor of modern birds back at least five million years.

Based on its features, this bird, named Archaeornithura meemannae, falls within the group “Ornithuromorpha,” which includes all modern birds and their common ancestor, as well as all the extinct descendants of that ancestor. It can thus be regarded as a “bird,” and its well-preserved plumage suggests that it not only could fly, but was close to the appearance of modern birds.

I’m going to let the readers, some of whom really know this stuff, apprise us all of its further significance, as well as correct any errors I make.

Here is one of the two fossils, showing the plumage and wings. It was about the size of a sparrow. The main slab is to the left, the counter slab to the right (these are the two halves of a “compression fossil” found in sedimentary rock, obtained when you split the rock to get the fossil itself):

Oldest-Ancestor-of-Modern-Birds
(From paper): Figure 1 | Holotype of Archaeornithura meemannae gen. et sp. nov., STM7-145. (a) Main slab; (b) counter slab. Anatomical abbreviations: al, alular digit; ba, basicranium; co, coracoid; cv, cervical vertebrae; d I–IV, pedal digit I–IV; fe, femur; fi, fibula; fu, furcula; hu, humerus; ma, major digit; mi, minor digit; pr, primary remiges; pu, pubis; ra, radius; re, rectrices; sc, scapula; st, sternum; ti, tibiotarsus; tm, tarsometatarsus; ul, ulna. Scale bars, 10 mm.

Below are the wingbones of the same specimen (aren’t they cool?), and its very birdlike feet:

Screen Shot 2015-05-08 at 10.30.30 AM
(From paper) Figure 3 | Detail anatomy of Archaeornithura meemannae gen. et sp. nov. (a) Photograph and (b) line drawing of the left wing, STM7-145, counter slab; (c) line drawing of hands of other hongshanornithids (not scaled; from left): Hongshanornis longicresta, Longicrusavis houi, Tianyuornis cheni, Parahongshanornis chaoyangensis; (d) STM7-163, counter slab; (e) STM7-163, main slab; (f) feet, STM7-163, main slab. Anatomical abbreviations: al, alular digit; am, alular metacarpal; ca, caudal vertebrae (six vertebrae counted); del, deltopectoral crest; d I–IV, pedal digit I–IV; hu, humerus; is, ischium; ma, major digit; mam, major metacarpal; mi, minor digit; mim, minor metacarpal; mt I, metatarsal I; pb, pubic boot; pu, pubis; py, pygostyle; ra, radius; sp, supracondylar process; ti, tibiotarsus; tm, tarsometatarsus; ul, ulna. Scale bars, 10 mm (a,f), 5 mm (d,e).

Finally, the plumage and feet of the second specimen. The preservation is quite amazing:

Screen Shot 2015-05-08 at 10.32.40 AM
(From paper): Figure 4 | Plumage of Archaeornithura meemannae gen. et sp. nov. (a) Left wing, STM-7-145, main slab; (b) right wing, STM-7-145, main slab; (c) covert feathers over the skull and neck, STM 7-163, counter slab; (d) alular feathers on the left alular digit, STM7-163, main slab. Abbreviations: af, alular feather; dc, dorsal coverts; pr, primary remiges; re, rectrices. Scale bars, 10 mm (a–c), 5 mm (d).

A few points. First, the “flight” feathers are symmetrical. That used to be a sign that the bird couldn’t fly, as asymmetrical feathers (with the leading edge about half the width of the trailing edge) are present in modern flying birds. But apparently asymmetry is no longer seen as a sign of flightlessness.

Second the bird had a head crest (see reconstruction below).

Third, it had two other features suggesting it could fly. The first is “fan-shaped retrices”, or tail feathers. This shape helps provide lift to a flying bird. It also had an “alula“, also called a “bastard wing”: a group of feathers associated with the mobile first digit of the bird, and present in some modern birds, where it can help the flying animal slow down without stalling.

Here’s a graphic of an alula (in red), and a photo of it extended in action, helping an eagle land (both from Wikipedia). I believe the alula in the eagle picture is the clump of four feathers sticking up on the far wing.

Alula

640px-Haliaeetus_leucocephalus2

As the authors note:

Archaeornithura preserves fairly advanced plumage including a well-developed alula and fan-shaped rectrices (Figs 1 and 4. . ). Both the alula (bastard wing) and a fan- shaped tail are aerodynamically important for living birds during slow flight and increases manoeuvrability.

Finally, here’s a reconstruction of A. meemannae from the Cosmos site. That’s a damn bird!

Screen+Shot+2015-05-06+at+3.47.03+pm
[Credit: Zongda Zhang]
_______________

Wang, N. et al., 2015. The oldest record of ornithuromorpha from the early cretaceous of China. Nature Communications 6, Article number:6987doi:10.1038/ncomms7987

Circling the drain, the New York Times labels the Texas cartoon exhibit “hate speech”

May 8, 2015 • 9:22 am

It’s a sad day when the New York Times, a bastion of free speech during Watergate and the publication of the Pentagon Papers , tarnishes its image by sort-of-excusing the Muslim attack on Pamela Geller’s exhibit of Muslim cartoons in Texas. And that sad day was yesterday.

In their Thursday op-ed, “Free speech vs. hate speech,” the Times, like many good liberal organs, has traded off its unwavering support for free speech against a misguided sympathy for the underdog. At least that’s the way I see it. Here are the first two paragraphs of the piece, evincing the boilerplate we’ve now come to expect on this issue since the Charlie Hebdo murders. The first bit pays lip-service to the First Amendment, and the second begins with the inevitable “but” that can mean only “they shouldn’t have riled up Muslims.”

There is no question that images ridiculing religion, however offensive they may be to believers, qualify as protected free speech in the United States and most Western democracies. There is also no question that however offensive the images, they do not justify murder, and that it is incumbent on leaders of all religious faiths to make this clear to their followers.

But it is equally clear that the Muhammad Art Exhibit and Contest in Garland, Tex., was not really about free speech. It was an exercise in bigotry and hatred posing as a blow for freedom.

They go on to point out that while Charlie Hebdo satirizes religion and politics, Pamela Geller is different because, well, she hates Muslims.

Charlie Hebdo is a publication whose stock in trade has always been graphic satires of politicians and religions, whether Catholic, Jewish or Muslim. By contrast, Pamela Geller, the anti-Islam campaigner behind the Texas event, has a long history of declarations and actions motivated purely by hatred for Muslims.

It’s not crystal clear to me that Geller hates Muslims; what is much clearer is that she hates Islam and its doctrines of subjugating women, killing gays and apostates, and so on. Yes, I deplore her political conservatism, dislike her belief in God, and even on religion she’s too strident for me, for her anti-Islam crusade sometimes takes ugly turns (like the battle against the Muslim center in lower Manhattan). She is clearly afraid of what will happen to the U.S. if too many believers in Islamic doctrine (yes, they call them “Muslims”) gain political or civil power. She may be misguided, but one cannot simply dismiss her, or try to muzzle her, simply because she’s motivated by intense dislike—hatred if you will—for Islam.

In fact, I hate the more extreme forms of Islam, too: it leads to demonization of half the population as well as gays, to murders of apostates and cartoonists, to schoolgirls being shot or maimed for trying to get an education, and so on. And a large proportion of “moderate” Muslims support these stands, though they don’t engage in violence themselves. How can you not hate what that religion has done to people, or not hate believers who stone people, shoot Christians and atheists, behead journalists, and engage in the multifarious thuggery of jihadism. The creation of cartoons, whether they be by Charlie Hebdo or Geller’s artists, is to stand up to that thuggery. Geller has that right, and there should be no “buts”.  Did any of her cartoons demonize Muslims as people, like Der Stürmer did to Jews, or were they simply depiction of Muhammad? If the latter, why the double standard toward Charlie Hebdo and Geller? What the New York Times is doing here is simply flaunting their love of the supposed underdog. trying to look like nice liberal people.

So while Charlie Hebdo is lionized because it satirizes religion and politics, Geller is demonized because of her supposed hatred of Muslims themselves. But a cartoon of Muhammed does not express intent: it expresses a willingness to stand up against the doctrines of an extremist and oppressive religion. Who is the “hater” here? Geller, or the Muslims who stone adulterers and hang gays—and their “moderate” fellow Muslims who quietly approve of such actions?

And then the Times—to its shame—expresses sympathy for the feelings of those poor Muslims offended by the depiction of their Prophet (murder be upon him). In fact, they not only compare Geller’s actions to anti-Semitism (surely the Times knows the difference between hating Jews and hating Judaism!), but come this close to saying that, by being provocative, she brought the violence on herself:

Whether fighting against a planned mosque near ground zero, posting to her venomous blog Atlas Shrugs or organizing the event in Garland, Ms. Geller revels in assailing Islam in terms reminiscent of virulent racism or anti-Semitism. She achieved her provocative goal in Garland — the event was attacked by two Muslims who were shot to death by a traffic officer before they killed anyone.

Those two men were would-be murderers. But their thwarted attack, or the murderous rampage of the Charlie Hebdo killers, or even the greater threat posed by the barbaric killers of the Islamic State or Al Qaeda, cannot justify blatantly Islamophobic provocations like the Garland event. These can serve only to exacerbate tensions and to give extremists more fuel.

Note: “blatant Islamophobic provocations.” I don’t think Geller’s goal was to provoke a murderous attack. Perhaps verbal attacks, but of course that’s Charlie Hebdo’s goal, too, for the reaction to its mockery of all religions was absolutely predictable. Charlie Hebdo existed to mock and provoke. By all means, says the Times, let’s not publish cartoons of the prophet, for whatever one’s motivation, it will “serve only to exacerbate tensions and to give extremists more fuel.” That goes for both Geller and Charlie Hebdo. What is the newspaper saying here? Apparently, that we should keep our hands off religion, at least those faiths whose adherents become murderous when offended.

Their final paragraph leaves me no doubt that that’s indeed what the Times is saying. DO NOT PROVOKE HATRED AND VIOLENCE BY SATIRIZING RELIGION:

Some of those who draw cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad may earnestly believe that they are striking a blow for freedom of expression, though it is hard to see how that goal is advanced by inflicting deliberate anguish on millions of devout Muslims who have nothing to do with terrorism. As for the Garland event, to pretend that it was motivated by anything other than hate is simply hogwash.

And so the New York Times goes down the Leftist rabbit hole. But one could turn the trope on other faiths as well. “It is hard to see how Andres Serrano advances freedom of speech by putting a crucifix in a glass of his own urine, inflicting deliberate anguish on millions of devout Catholics.” And why anger millions of Republicans who don’t oppose abortion by mocking the Party’s stand on abortion? Perhaps those “devout Muslims who have nothing to do with terrorism” might examine their views to see if they secretly sympathize with the terrorist’s aims, and, if not, to do something about adhering to a faith so delicate that everyone’s knickers get twisted when they see a picture of Muhammad.

Yes, you op-ed writers, Geller’s exhibit did advance the freedom of speech, and in two ways. First, it made fun of a faith whose adherents become deeply offended—and sometimes murderous—when they see a goddam cartoon of their Prophet. The deep offense and riots are not a rare event. Such reactions surely deserve mockery and contempt, not the tut-tutting of the Times. it’s just a cartoon! And indeed, “millions of devout Muslims who have nothing to do with terrorism” are nevertheless deeply offended by such cartoons, and support other invidious beliefs (see the survey data here and here). It’s time that we realize that millions of Muslims who aren’t violent are nevertheless, in their everyday life, throwing Enlightenment values under the bus.

Second, by showing that we have the right to mock religion without interference, Geller is also striking a blow for freedom of expression. Much of what she has to say about Islam is sensible. Some of it may not be. But that doesn’t matter. If we are to have a democratic public discourse aimed at winnowing the true from the false, we must allow all speech, and not be too quick to dismiss criticism of one’s cherished values as “hate speech.”. As I always say, every controversial statement is somebody else’s “hate speech.” How sad that the New York Times doesn’t see that.

________

UPDATE: Just as I pressed the “publish” button on the above, I got an email from reader Cindy calling my attention to a good new piece by David Frum in The Atlantic, “The right to blaspheme.” It, too, takes the NYT editorial to task for failing to understand the difference between “affront to people and dissent from doctrine.” An  excerpt:

We owe equality and respect to persons. Ideas and beliefs have to prove their worth. Pamela Geller, the organizer of the Garland, Texas, “Draw Muhammad” contest, attracts criticism because she so often pushes up to and over the line separating criticism of ideas from vilification of groups of people. She’s an uncomfortable person to defend. But that’s often true of the people who test the rights that define a free society.

. . . When vigilantes try to enforce the tenets of a faith by violence, then it becomes a civic obligation to stand up to them. And if the people doing the standing up are not in every way nice people—if they express other views that are ugly and prejudiced by any standard—then the more shame on all the rest of us for leaving the job to them.

How sad that this obvious lesson has to be taught over and over again in these days of identity politics.

See also a piece in Politico by Rich Lowry, “Why won’t Pamela Geller shut up?” An excerpt:

Yet scurrilous, scatological and, yes, hateful speech and cartoons — many of them involving religion — have featured in Anglo-American history going back centuries. They are part of the warp and woof of a free society. In this context, a drawing of Muhammad is mild.

The only reason it seems different is that there is a small class of Muslim radicals willing to kill over it. Which is exactly why Pamela Geller’s event wasn’t purposeless.

The event was placing a stake in contested ground, in a way it wouldn’t have if it had offended Quakers or Roman Catholics, who don’t massacre people who insult them. It was a statement of defiance, of an unwillingness to abide by the rules of fanatics. . .

For better or worse, we live in a society in which nothing is sacred. If we are to accept the assassin’s veto, the only exception (for now) will be depictions of Muhammad, which would be perverse. A free society can’t let the parameters of its speech be set by murderous extremists.

Give her this: Pamela Geller understands that, whereas her scolds don’t. Some of them can’t even tell the difference between her and her would-be killers.

And, apparently, the New York Times doesn’t grasp the consequences of letting assassins have vetos.

Readers’ wildlife photographs

May 8, 2015 • 7:45 am

Today we’re finishing up the fine batch of photos sent by reader Colin Franks not long ago (his website here, Facebook page here). And as lagniappe we’ll have two nice photos from one of our regulars.

From Colin:

Belted Kingfisher, Megaceryle alcyon. Look at that little guy! (PCC loves kingfishers.)

IMG_15908

Double Crested Cormorant, Phalacrocorax auritus:

IMG_15958

Common Mergansers (male & female – about to copulate), Mergus merganser:

IMG_15996

Bald Eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus:

IMG_16040

American Crow, Corvus brachyrhynchos:

IMG_16046

American Crow:

IMG_16047

Finally, two photos from reader Stephen Barnard in Idaho. This first one may be the most adorable animal he’s ever sent me:

This cute little rabbit is living under my deck. I’m not sure, but it may be a Pygmy Rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis). It’s much smaller than the Desert Cottontails I usually see here.

He later got confirmation of this ID from a biologist at Idaho Fish and Game. I didn’t know Pygmy rabbits even existed!

Rabbit May 7

More about this lovely bunny from Wikipedia:

The pygmy rabbit (Brachylagus idahoensis) is a North American rabbit, and is one of only two rabbit species in America to dig its own burrow. The pygmy rabbit differs significantly from species within either the Lepus (hare) or Sylvilagus (cottontail) genera and is generally considered to be within the monotypic genusBrachylagus. . . The pygmy rabbit is the world’s smallest leporid, with mean adult weights from 375 to about 500 grams (0.827 to about 1.102 lb), and a body length from 23.5 to 29.5 centimeters (9.3 to 11.6 in); females are slightly larger than males.

And a landscape from yesterday, titled “Another Maxfield Parrish homage,” with Stephen’s  notes: “Sunset tonight. HDR”. Click to enlarge:

RT9A4486_tonemapped

 

 

Friday: Hili dialogue (and Leon lagniappe)

May 8, 2015 • 5:11 am

It’s Friday! Yesterday was like summer in Chicago—sunny and in the mid 80s! The students luxuriated on the lawns, putting on shorts and tee-shirts and exposing acres of milk-white flesh that had lost its pallor during winter. Thank Ceiling Cat, praise be upon him, my back is also much improved, so I seem to be recovering nicely.  Meanwhile in Dobrzyn, there seems to be a bit of a drought:

Hili: I’m afraid we have too little rain.
A: That’s right, we have to start meowing for rain.

P1020669

In Polish:

Hili: Obawiam się, że nadal mamy za mało deszczu.
Ja: To prawda, musimy zacząć miauczeć o deszcz.

As lagniappe, we have a Leon monologue. It’s a lovely picture of Leon hiking, and look how his head, illuminated by the sun, has turned golden!

Leon: You brought a snack for me? This running is very exhausting.

LeonIn Polish:

Leon: Przyniosłaś mi przekąskę? To bieganie jest bardzo wyczerpujące.

 

Lying and/or ignorant Republican candidates still refuse to accept evolution

May 7, 2015 • 3:40 pm

Last February I tallied up every potential Republican candidate for President and showed that none of them fully accepted evolution and denied creationism.  The “wafflers” included those who wouldn’t take a stand, saying that creationism should be taught alongside evolution (Jeb Bush), as well as those who claimed they weren’t scientists and so lacked expertise (Christie, Cruz, Jindal, Kasich, Rand Paul, Rubio, Walker), and, finally, those creationists who flatly denied that evolution was true (Ben Carson, Mike Huckabee, Rick Perry, and Rick Santorum).  They are all to a man—and they’re all men—either liars, dissimulators, or flatly ignorant, for waffling on evolution, or denying it, is like waffling about or denying the existence of atoms.

Tuesday’s Guardian reassesses the stand on evolution of those who have now openly declared their candidacy. It’s just as grim as ever. Even more than religious belief, acceptance or denial of evolution is a test of character. For if you deny evolution is true, you are either pandering to the public even though you know better (showing that you’re ambitious but lack character), are truly ignorant of the facts (which means you can’t be trusted to be informed about crucial issues), or are a flat-out creationist (showing that you’re batshit crazy).

As of today, Carson, Paul, Cruz have declared candidacy, and it’s almost certain that Jeb Bush, Walker, and Rubio will Join them. One analyst averred that their stands on evolution reflect “identity politics” more than anything else, and that may well be true:

“I think on issues like climate change and evolution it ends up being a proxy for identity politics,” said Michael Halpern, a program manager for the nonprofit and nonpartisan Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS). “You’re not actually talking about the science, you’re talking about values.”

And studies show that this is often the case. In fact, those conservatives who seem to know the most about evolution, or the depth of the scientific consensus on evolution, are more resistant to it than those who know less! That perplexing fact is attributed to identify politics as well. But who cares? A candidate who denies evolution is a candidate who can’t be trusted.

Here’s where the Guardian says the candidates now stand on evolution. Nothing has changed, and it ain’t pretty:

Carson:

So far the candidates have mostly hemmed and hawed – save Carson, who outright rejected the theory of evolution when speaking to Faith & Liberty radiolast year.

“Carbon dating, all these things,” he said “really doesn’t mean anything to a God who has the ability to create anything at any point in time.

“Dealing with the complexity of the human brain,” Carson continued, “and somebody says that came from a slime pit full of promiscuous biochemicals? I don’t think so.”

Curiously, Carson did not reject natural selection – the engine that drives evolution – saying he “totally believe[s]” that useful genetic traits are more often passed on than less useful traits. But he could not draw the connection between that process acting over millennia and the human eye: “Give me a break. According to their scheme – boom, it had to occur overnight.”

Instead, he suggested an “intelligent creator” gave organisms the ability to adapt “so he doesn’t have to start over every 50 years creating all over again”.

Jebus, so God slowed down the rate of carbon decay over time? Or did he simply create partly decayed radioactive elements? (We do have ways of checking on that, Dr. Carson). And doesn’t he know that carbon-14 dating isn’t even used to date ancient rocks and fossils?  (Its half-life is too short; we use potassium-argon, strontium-rubidium, and other longer-lived radioisotopes to determine the age of the Earth and of creatures like trilobites.) The rest of what Caron says brands him as full of bullpucky as Duane Gish, especially when he completely misunderstands the effectiveness of small selection pressures acting over billions of years. As for the “slime pit full of promiscuous biochemicals,” that could have come out of the toothless maw of any Bible-thumping creationist. Carson may have been a respected pediatric neurosurgeon, but he’s no scientist.

Cruz

Cruz – whose father has said evolution is a communist plot – has courted the creationist camp with only a dab more subtlety. While avoiding talk of his own beliefs, he announced his campaign at the evangelical Liberty University, which teaches creationism as science.

The rest of the clown car

Paul, Rubio and Walker have tried to duck the issue. In 2010 Paul refused to answer a Kentucky homeschool student’s question whether the Earth was only a few thousand years old, and in 2012 Rubio told GQ: “I’m not a scientist, man … I think parents should be able to teach their kids what their faith says, what science says.”

In February 2015, Walker earned the ridicule of his British hosts by dodging a question about evolution.

Only Bush has said that he believes in evolution – way back in 2005. But he also said schools should sort out curriculums on their own.

The story goes on, showing how Republicans tend to deny human-caused climate change as well (though they’re willing to talk about ameliorating its effects!), and discusses the anti-science bills pending in Congress.

Although I’m not a huge fan of Hillary Clinton, at least she accepts evolution and maintains that neither creationism nor its gussied-up city cousin Intelligent Design should be taught in schools. To pull a “no true Scotsman” trope here, I’ll maintain that any Democrat who doesn’t accept evolution, or gives some credence to creationism as a teachable alternative, is no true Democrat.

Philomena on democracy and the elections

May 7, 2015 • 12:35 pm

I found this at, of all places, reddit. It’s Philomena’s “Moments of Wonder” from last night’s “Weekly Wipe,” and is already up on YouTube. It’s classic Philomena, but for once the guest—Government Man—gets the best of our girl.

Her classic quote: “Just like other Greek inventions like thick yogurt, sodomy and triangles, democracy has taken the world by storm.”

Here’s the entire show. You can see another bit of Philomena, explaining the election in front of a greenscreen, between 11:11 and 14:18.

h/t: Kieran, Ben goren