Why Evolution is True is a blog written by Jerry Coyne, centered on evolution and biology but also dealing with diverse topics like politics, culture, and cats.
Today is the penultimate Hump Day before the start of both Christmas and Coynezaa, so get your shopping done now. For those shopping overseas, twenty years ago today the name “Euro” was adopted. On December 16, 1866, Wassily Kandinsky (one of my favorite painters) was born. Today marks actor Liv Ullman’s 77th birthday, and it’s the Day of Reconciliation in South Africa—a place I’d love to visit before too long. Meanwhile in Dobrzyn, Hili is bragging (as usual) and making Cyrus feel bad:
Hili: Cats are the most magnificent outcome of evolution.
Cyrus (to A.): Do you think so too?
POOR CYRUS!
In Polish:
Hili: Koty są najwspanialszym efektem ewolucji.
Cyrus (do mnie): Też tak uważasz?
Meanwhile, Reader Sarah, traveling in Spain, found a Hili lookalike (she regularly visits Hili and her staff). Sarah’s notes and photo:
You might think at first glance that this is a picture of Hili, but in fact it is a cat I saw a couple of weeks ago in Guadalest in southern Spain. When I showed it to Malgorzata she said they could be littermates by the look of this Spanish cat. Interesting the way the coloring and patterns can be so similar over a large geographical area. There are no doubt many cats between Guadalest and Dobrzyn that also look like this.
Andrzej has provided a photo of the real Hili in a similar position so we can compare. Looks pretty similar to me, though the Spanish cat’s ears aren’t as prominent, it has whiter cheeks, and its white bib is larger.
How could I have forgotten to note this morning that Christopher Hitchens died on this day four years ago? Fortunately, reader Barry reminded me, and pointed me to this short but poignant memorial by James Looseley in today’s Montreal Gazette. Looseley concentrates solely on Hitchens’s critiques of religion, which is what most affected the writer, but just look through Hitchens’s array of books, or his essay collections, to see the breadth of his knowledge, the elegance of his writing, the sharpness of his extemporaneous wit, and his ability to say something interesting and novel about just about everything.
Although I met the man only once, and briefly, I spend a lot of time rereading his pieces and watching his videos. We have no unbeliever today that can muster up such erudition and rhetorical artillery, so it’s true that in at least one way he’s irreplaceable. He was the Orwell of our time—but he spoke better.
Here’s one bit I offer up in memoriam; it shows, in just one minute, many facets of the man:
Arana’s view is that the media in general has “far too often served to spread misinformation and perpetuate prejudice” against Muslims. I’m not so sure that’s true; in fact, the opposite seems to be the case, though of course I read mostly left-wing media. Certainly President Obama has bent over backwards not only to tell Americans not to demonize Muslims (to his credit) but also has pointedly avoided mentioning Islam as a cause of terrorism (not to his credit). And opinion-forming papers like the New York Times and Washington Post almost never implicate religion as a cause of terrorism, and constantly publish editorials telling Americans to avoid “Islamophobia,” which I construe as “demonizing Muslims rather than the tenets of their faith.”
Arana, in fact, is promoting “Islamophilia,” which I take to mean “an unwarranted respect for the tenets of Islam.”
Arana’s advice, then, is mostly to avoid mentioning Islam, be sure to visit a mosque if you’re a journalist (noting that “Islamic leaders across the country have graciously opened their doors to help the public better understand their faith“, although of course they’re going to reassure everyone that Islam is a religion of peace), and be sure to profile only those who whitewash both the nasty tenets of Islam and avoid mentioning the “I word”. Here are three of the five tips (the last is “provide context”:
2. Be Careful Whose Views You Give A Platform To
Among the more harmful misconceptions about the role of media is that it’s our duty to provide “balance” and let the audience decide between opposing points of view. In some instances — say, if lawmakers are debating between a cap-and-trade system and a carbon tax as ways to reduce air pollution — this template for fair coverage makes sense.
But far too often, “balance” in news coverage has meant providing a platform for ideologues to spew racist garbage. Inviting Islamophobic activists like Pamela Geller, whose organization is classified as a hate group by the Southern Poverty Law Center, on your network to “balance out” the views of a Muslim scholar is not serving to inform the public. It implicitly communicates that these views should have equal weight, which they shouldn’t, and gives Gellar access to millions of viewers.
Do not even show Pamela Geller! She might corrupt viewers who are unable to think for themselves. Yes, she may be a bigot, but shouldn’t her views about Islam at least be considered, especially in view of Arana’s next piece of advice, which is to show someone about as odious?:
3. Challenge Prejudice And Debunk Outright Lies
The reason it’s so important for journalists to arm themselves with information is not only so they themselves make sure not to perpetuate prejudice, it’s also so they can challenge it when they’re confronted with it.
Yep, trot out the old charlatan Reza Aslan, the American equivalent of Karen Armstrong. For you know he’ll assure you that there is nothing bad about Islam.
But if Aslan’s right, and Muslim-majority countries are so much more congenial to women than, say, the U.S. or Western Europe, ask an American woman if she’d rather live here or in Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Iran, or Iraq. Reza Aslan is just as much a whitewasher of Islam as Geller is a blackwasher.
Finally, DO NOT MENTION ISLAM!:
4. Choose Your Words Carefully
When journalists use phrases like “Islamic terrorism,” they are implicitly conflating two concepts. While this term is in common use, it is the duty of those of us in the media to be more precise in our use of language than the general public. We should refer to violent radicals like the ones who carried out the attacks in Paris as what they are: religious extremists.
To that end, some outlets have argued for the use of the Arabic acronym “Daesh” instead of the Islamic State (also called ISIS). The idea is to avoid implying that what the terrorists have created in Syria and Iraq is an actual “state” or actually “Islamic.” Another option is to use a qualifier like the “self-described” Islamic State.
There’s no conflation here: “Islamic terrorism” means terrorism motivated by the tenets of Islam. What’s the conflation? And what advantage does the term “religious extremists” have over that? In fact, they have completely different meanings: “Islamic terrorism” is death and destruction motivated largely by Islam, while “religious extremism” means simply the tails of the distribution of religious belief, such as Christian fundamentalism or violent Islamism. “Terrorism” is not the same as “extremism”: it’s the subset of extremism that kills and injures people.
Although some of Arana’s advice can be useful, in the main his thrust is to portray Islam only in a good light. Behind it is the ardent desire to avoid all criticism of Islam. And again I raise the question: if religions can, as many aver, motivate people to do good things, why can’t they motivate people to do bad things? I’ve never heard a satisfactory answer to that simple query.
We’ve all noticed and experienced the phenomenon that when we’re hurt, we yell. When we stub our toe, hit our thumb with a hammer, or burn ourselves, we often let out a bloodcurdling scream. People who are pushed off buildings do it, too—at least in the movies.
Yet when we experience intense pleasure, we don’t let out such vociferous yells. Yes, some people make loud noises during orgasm, but you don’t scream when you drink a delicious wine, have a bite of a wonderful meal, see a great painting, or suddenly come across a beautiful landscape or sunset. In other words, yelling is asymmetrical with the nature of feeling: it comes with pain but not with pleasure. And we also yell when we’re startled: notice what kids do when someone jumps out behind a chair and says “boo”, or we suddenly spot a big tarantula close by.
I was wondering about all this after I recently stubbed my foot on a chair in the dark, and uttered a loud “OUCH.” And of course I began speculating whether this response might be evolutionary. I’m not an evolutionary psychologist, and I’ve been a critic of its more facile forms—including unsupported “adaptive story telling”—but it exercises my mind to devise evolutionary explanations for behaviors. What I’m about to suggest is thus largely tongue in cheek, but I proffer it nonetheless.
My hypothesis (which is mine): Humans yell when they’re hurt or surprised because they want to call attention to their plight in hopes that nearby humans could help them.
Before anybody calls me a rampant and unthinking adaptationist, let me add that I thought at first this might be a reasonable hypothesis, but upon reflection don’t think it’s very good. Here are some arguments against it:
Humans yell when there’s no hope for them, as when falling off cliffs or they’re alone. (But this, of course, could just be an automatic response from genes that say “yell when you’re in trouble, for sometimes it helps”).
Other animals that aren’t social yell when they’re hurt, as with squirrels or rabbits when caught by a predator. There’s no evolutionary advantage I can see to this—with the possible exception that uttering a loud cry might startle the predator and induce it to temporary loosen its hold, giving you a second chance to live and pass on your genes.
But animals that have no predators, like dogs, also yell when they’re hurt. Everybody’s seen a dog yelp when it’s hurt. But do elephants do something similar?
I’m sure readers can come up lots of other counterevidence.
These ideas make two predictions: social animals will make more noise than nonsocial relatives when they’re in trouble or in pain. Or, if screaming when caught is an adaptation to startle your predator (after all, lots of animals have physical adaptations to do this), then animals that are less susceptible to predators would make less noise.
In the end, it’s likely that, given the ubiquity of shrieking among animals that have voices, I think that yells of surprise or pain may simply be an epiphenomenon: a nonadaptive reaction that may somehow be a byproduct of our neural wiring. But still . . . .maybe there’s something to it.
What it goes to show, too, is that you can concoct an adaptive story for almost any behavior. And I’m pretty sure that someone has written about this before, though I’m just guessing.
Here’s a headline and subheadline from yesterday’s AOL News. You can immediately spot two things wrong with it:
Seriously? That’s a news headline? First of all, it presupposes that a historical Jesus really existed, with the implication that it’s the Jesus who did the stuff described in the Bible. Well, based on the lack of evidence, I’m not prepared to admit that there really was a person who served as a model for Bible Jesus. But a more obvious problem is that any forensic reconstruction of a person’s face demands that we have his or her remains, and of course that’s not the case for Jesus Person. After all, if we had Jesus’s skull, which is what we need to reconstruct the face, we’d have stronger evidence that Jesus really existed.
Here’s a fascinating video showing how it was done:
Now, what about Jesus? Without a skull, what could they discern what he looked like? Well, they did something dumb, but it’s the best a believer can do. Christianity Today reports excitedly:
With this in mind, the research team acquired three well-preserved skulls from Jerusalem in Israel, where Jesus lived and preached.
Medical artist Richard Neave from The University of Manchester in England then took charge of evaluating the skulls. Using special computer programmes, his team was able to re-create the muscles and skins overlaying the skulls.
The skulls, however, did not provide two key pieces of information about Jesus’ appearance: his hair and his skin colour. To be able to determine these, the researchers analysed drawings found in various archaeological sites in Israel.
The research team ultimately concluded that Jesus had dark eyes, and was bearded following Jewish tradition.
As regards the length of Jesus’ hair, the researchers deviated from the common belief that Christ had long, straight hair. Instead, they assumed that Jesus Christ had short hair with tight curls, based on their analysis of the Holy Bible. [JAC: I don’t think the Holy Bible tells us anything about how Jesus’s hair looked!]
Well that’s certainly convincing, isn’t it? The chance that Jesus, if he really existed, looked like an amalgam of three random skulls dug up in Jerusalem (dates not given), is about nil. Nevertheless, they produced the image given below, which links to the AOL video (click on screenshot:
What Jesus looked like!!!
Now who does that remind you of? I’ll let readers guess. Not only did they reconstruct the adult Jesus, but they also managed to reconstruct the 12-year-old Jesus, the one who confounded the temple Rabbis and went about his father’s work. To do that, they used the image from the bogus Shroud of Turin and then computer enhanced it. Here he is:
Adolescent Jesus!!
I am SO convinced! But that’s going to cause a lot of consternation for Christians who were brought up thinking that Jesus looked Aryan, like this:
I mean, who would ever have thought that Jesus looked like a Jew from Palestine?
I’m not surprised that The Christian Post would claim that this dubious methodology can give us any idea of what Jesus looked like, but what disturbs me is how credible they (and AOL) are about thinking they have any meaningful result. The Christian Post argues that we have actually gained some information from this analysis (my emphasis in following):
For Christians, what Jesus Christ may have looked like has been a mystery. The New Testament of the Holy Bible does not provide any detailed description of Jesus Christ, nor have any drawings of Him been discovered. As a result, Christ has been depicted in various appearances by people from different times and cultures.
Fortunately, science may have found a way for Christians to finally find an answer to the age-old question of how Jesus Christ looks like.
Of course, for them it’s a given that a Jesus-person actually existed, so half the problem is solved right there. Then assume that he was, as the New Testament tells us, a Middle Eastern Jew (of course the Bible gives no description of Jesus), and you’re 3/4 of the way there. The rest is commentary—or rather, credulousness.
First at bat we have some insect photos taken by reader Mark Sturtevant (his notes are indented):
Here are some more pictures from this summer. Enjoy!
A Meadowhawk dragonfly. This looks to be a male Autumn meadowhawk dragonfly (Sympetrum vicinum), but there are a couple other similar species. Meadowhawks are commonly encountered far from water, and are pretty tolerant of the camera, so I could get in close with my 50mm on an extension tube.
The next two pictures are of bald faced hornets (Dolichovespula maculata). They were constant visitors of our trumpet vines this summer since a large nest was attached to a neighbors’ house. I was somewhat nervous getting close to these rather impressive and very alert wasps, but I found that they are just like any other bee or wasp when foraging. That is, the worst they do (to me) is occasionally buzz by my head a few times as they try to figure out how to get away from this big thing with a camera that is blocking their path.
And finally, spot the Fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea)! I have a few favorite pictures from this summer, and this is one of them.
Stephen Barnard got a new toy some time ago—a drone—but he’s using it scrupulously, not going higher than the FAA permits as well as avoiding spooking the wildlife. Here are two shots he just took around his ranch in Idaho. It’s clearly winter there!
I flew the drone straight up as high as it would go (legally) and took this shot looking down toward the Wood River Valley.
The FAA sets the maximum height at 400ft (about 120m), which is the height for this photo. It’s possible to fly the drone to 1640ft (500m), but that’s illegal. Small aircraft frequently fly over the ranch at less than 500m altitude.
The second is photo looking straight down. Deets [the border collie] is the black spot in the snow between the house and the creek.
It’s a sign of the television news, which I watch for a few minutes each morning, that it’s taken to putting up YouTube videos and tw**ts. Social media is taking over everything! But they also showed this video:
That cat has a mean right hook!
And while we’re on tigers, here’s a real one: a Sumatran female cub born November 19 in the Jacksonville Zoo. ZooBorns reports:
The Sumatran Tiger (Panthera tigris sumatrae) is the smallest of the six subspecies in existence today. They are only found on the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. Originally, nine tiger subspecies were found in parts of Asia, but three subspecies have become extinct in the 20th century. Less than 400 Sumatran Tigers remain in the wild. They are currently classified as “Critically Endangered” on the IUCN Red List.