Why Evolution is True is a blog written by Jerry Coyne, centered on evolution and biology but also dealing with diverse topics like politics, culture, and cats.
Today Mark Sturtevant has returned with pictures of diverse critters, including insects, amphibians, and gastropods. Mark’s IDs, links, and narrative are indented, and you can enlarge the photos by clicking on them.
Here are more pictures of various critters in my area, which is in eastern Michigan.
The first picture is a young treefrog, and it is about as big as your thumbnail. This will be one of two sister species in the area, either Cope’s Gray Treefrog, Dryophytes chrysoscelis, or the Gray Treefrog, D. versicolor. They are commonly green in green surroundings. If it is the latter species, then it is tetraploid and that is why it is a separate species from the former. Polyploidy is one way to quickly form a new species, and this is a classic example.
Next up are a couple of our local snails, the Brown-lipped snails, Cepaea nemoralis. I was not sure what to do with them, and so I did this. These snails were introduced from Europe, and are now widespread in the U.S.
The next several pictures are manual focus stacks that were staged on the ‘ol dining room table. First up is a young Flower Crab Spider. That name applies to many species of crab spiders that often lurk on flowers to capture prey. Based on its eye arrangement and prominent hairs, I am pretty sure this one is Mecaphasa sp.
The jumping spiders that follow are species that I’ve shown here many times. The first is a Dimorphic Jumping Spider, Maevia inclemens. This one was very fidgety and it needed something to eat to help settle down. The lights in the eyes of the first picture came from an LED modeling light to help me to focus. I liked the look and so I did not remove the highlighting in post-processing. In the second picture you can see reflections of my fingertips in the large frontal eyes.
Another common spider is the Bold Jumping Spider, Phidippus audax. This youngster was very easy to work with.
The weird creature shown in the next picture is one of our Harvestmen, I think Phalangium opilio. I don’t see this species very often even though it’s distributed all around me. I like them because males have really long pedipalps and horned chelicerae. In some populations, the chelicerae horns are much longer than what is seen here.
Next is a moth that flew inside the house one evening. I think it’s a new species for me – the Lunate Zale Moth, Zale lunata.
And finally, I spotted this large caterpillar one day when out with the cameras. This is a mature Polyphemus Moth larva, Antheraea polyphemus, and it will become maybe the 2nd or 3rd largest moth in the U.S. For the portrait picture, I was trying to get it to look all haughty and Offended, as caterpillars like this often look very offended when being handled. But instead, this one looked like it was Eevil and plotting something, Mwa ha ha haa.
Mark Sturtevant is back with some lovely insect photos (he got a bit excited about one of the wasps). His captions and IDs are indented (he’s also provided links), and you can enlarge his photos by clicking on them. There’s one snail at the end.
Here is another set of critter pictures. All of these were taken in area parks near home, which is in eastern Michigan.
Readers may remember that my last post finished with pictures from the Magic Field, where large Cicada Killer wasps were provisioning their burrows with paralyzed cicadas. These wasps often concentrate burrows in the same area, probably because they favor the same soil conditions. It was noted that a smaller Mystery Wasp would frequent the area as well, perhaps because it too favored those conditions. I will start with those wasps, but their introduction will take a while to explain. Bear with me.
The blackish Mystery Wasps were common sights in Cicada Killer Town, running quickly on the ground and frenetically searching in various nooks and crannies. They would investigate my shoes, backpack, and I’d even see them go into the cavernous Cicada Killer burrows. What were they? There was zero chance to get pictures since they were dialed at “11” for hyperactivity. Oh, well, I thought.
But one day I saw one of the wasps was carrying an object under its body. I approached, and the wasp dropped the object and retreated only a couple feet. It was a field cricket, paralyzed, and its hind legs had been removed. This no doubt was to make it easier to carry and to stuff down a burrow somewhere. Such is the Economy of Nature, as Darwin would say. But to me this was a valuable clue about the Mystery Wasps. I put the cricket down, and the wasp immediately ran up and carried away its prize. Back home, I searched for “cricket hunting wasp” in BugGuide (which is my go-to place for identifying arthropods online), and bingo. It was the Steel-blue Cricket Hunter (Chlorion aerarium). From the pictures therein one could see that the wasp was a thing of great beauty! My discouragement about getting pictures turned to determination. I was going to get pictures, even if I had to cheat a little.
I returned to the Magic Field with the trusty butterfly net and quickly caught one of the wasps. Back at home again, I set up my light box which is a large enclosure made with foam board and netting across the front. I often use this to photograph flying insects when the need arises.
A favorite trick for getting an active subject to sit for pictures is to give them food or water. A drop of diluted honey definitely did the trick this time, as it made my hungry but hyperactive friend settle right down so that I could take pictures shown below.
Excuse me, but this is where ‘ol Mark has to completely lose it for a moment.
LOOK AT THIS BEAUTIFUL CREATURE!! JUST LOOK AT IT!!!
Ok, sorry about that. The next pictures include a frontal view, and there you can see that she has impressive mandibles. This is typical of solitary wasps that carry prey to their lair.
Next up are more insects. I always pass a field of sunflowers on the way to one of the area parks. But once I stopped to try for pictures. Here is a Common Eastern Bumble Bee (Bombus impatiens) in a nice composition.
I think it was on that same outing that I found this this Nessus Sphinx Moth caterpillar (Amphion floridensis) that had been parasitized by what are probably Braconid wasps. Those are wasp cocoons anchored to the back of the caterpillar, which was quite moribund and soon would die.
Another caterpillar is shown in the next picture. This is the larva of the Beautiful Wood Nymph (Eudryas grata). What I think is rather interesting about this colorful cat is that it shows false head mimicry, where its rear end is presented as its head while the actual head is kept tucked away. “Beautiful Wood Nymph” does not conjure up what the moth looks like, as it is a bird dropping mimic, complete with splatter effects as shown in the link. Bird dropping mimicry has its advantages since one only has to sit out in plain sight.
Speaking of bird dropping mimics, here is another example. This is the young larva of the Eastern Giant Swallowtail Butterfly (Papilio cresphontes), our largest butterfly. Unlike the previous example that resembles dried out bird poo, the oeuvre of the Giant Swallowtail cat is to look like the shiny fresh stuff. The caterpillar will grow to a size that is not so passable as a bird dropping, so once it reaches its last larval instar they look more like a scary snake mimic, as the linked pictures show.
Next up is one of our Tiger Moths. There are several similar-looking species, but this is the Harnessed Tiger Moth (Apantesis phalerata).
Moving on to beetles, here is a pair of mating v (Harmonia axyridis). I might not bother taking this picture, but it provided an opportunity to show something a bit different. Those yellow thingies decorating the elytra are the fruiting bodies of entomophagous fungi that I suppose will doom these beetles.
To expand on this, one can hardly do better than Ze Frank who made an entertaining episode on fungi that parasitize insects, and here it is. Everyone MUST watch it. It starts out with something awful, and then it gets a lot worse. What fun!
The restroom at one of the parks had numerous moth flies sitting on the tiles. These very small flies have a larval stage that feeds on – oh, I don’t know, presumably organic matter and algae. So the adult flies are common in restrooms. The species is Clogmia albipunctata, and I am rather bummed with the picture since in this otherwise good focus stack I managed to not focus on the interesting antennae. [JAC: Note how closely this fly resembles a moth!]
And for closure, here are a pair of terrestrial snails that I put together for pictures. They are Brown-lipped snails, Cepaea nemoralis. I had learned that they are native to Europe, but are now common over much of the U.S.
Mark Sturtevant is back with some lovely insect photos (and one gastropod). Mark’s captions and IDs are indented, and you can enlarge his photos by clicking on them.
Hello, everybody. Here are pictures of insects (mostly insects) from where I live, which is in eastern Michigan. Let’s get started.
First up are pictures of Thynnid Wasps (Myzinum quinquecinctum), which are odd-looking wasps that grow up as parasites of soil dwelling beetle larvae.
Next is a small group of tiny Acrobat Ants (Crematogaster sp.) that are tending aphids for their honeydew secretions. Acrobat ants are easy to recognize by the distinctive joint that allows them to elbow their abdomen upward to release a venom at prey or at enemies.
Next up is a bug-eyed Mayfly which I think is in the genus Stenacron.
Every summer or two I try to spend time alongside a particular area of the Flint River, as it is a great spot to photograph American Rubyspot Damselflies (Hetaerina americana). A particular aim, as it is a challenge, is to hang over the edge of the riverbank to get pictures of the brilliantly colored males while they are back-lit from the late afternoon sun. So here you go.
Next up are some beetles. First up are a pair of Six-spotted Tiger Beetles (Cicindela sexguttata), which a species abundant along woodland trails. This is among the most alert species that I know so I seldom get pictures, but when mating they are a bit distracted.
During a narrow window in the summer, I will find many of these small dung beetles (Canthon sp.) in the place I call the Magic Field. People take dogs and horses into the field, and their droppings provides support for this population. I swear these do roll little balls of dung around (I often see them trundling across a trail with them), but they immediately stop when I approach, darn it.
Here is a terrestrial snail which I photographed because I liked the branching pattern under its shell. I am not a snail person, but through iNaturalist I was able to narrow it down to an Amber Snail (family Succineidae).
Late summer is my favorite time to go to the Magic Field. It abounds with many species of grasshoppers, and the air is crackling with them as they fly about. But by far the most common ones are the ubiquitous Carolina Grasshoppers (Dissosteira carolina), which probably everyone in the U.S. has seen. These are the grasshoppers with flashy black hind wings, as shown in the linked picture. Anyway, Carolina ‘Hopper mating season is in the late summer, and one sees the following scene quite often.
Early in the morning, sleeping bees and wasps are commonly seen on plants, so here is a sleeping Common Eastern Bumblebee (Bombus impatiens). I really like how this picture turned out.
But now we get to a kind of finale from the Magic Field. The Eastern Cicada Killer Wasp (Sphecius speciosus) is probably the largest wasp in our area, and they are certainly the largest by weight. As their name explains, the females hunt cicadas, which they paralyze and store in an underground burrow with eggs. The Magic Field has a large population of them in late summer, and then certain areas become landscaped with their large burrows and earthen mounds. You see one of their burrows in the first picture, complete with its characteristic landing strip trough and just look at all that soil which was dug out! There will be several chambers deep inside, each intended for a larva and cicadas.
The next picture shows one of the wasps as it was exiting its burrow. I was just as nuts about insects as a kid as I am now, but back then I was also rather jumpy around these impressively large wasps. But now I know that they are completely indifferent to us humans and all our tribulations, so getting very close with the macro lens is never a problem. They really just don’t care about us.
There were dozens of burrows in a small area, and so over a few days I managed to photograph several of the wasps as they landed by their burrow with a helpless Cicada, their arrivals being announced by the loud droning that they make while flying. I could only get maybe one or two pictures off before they disappeared down the hole with their prize.
And finally we have a mystery. There are many species of solitary wasps at the Magic Field, but during these sessions I noticed these little wasps (do you see it?) that showed an inordinate interest in me and in Cicada Killer Town. They would investigate my camera gear, scurry about the mounds of earth, and even venture down the C.K. tunnels (!) ceaselessly searching for … ?? Well, this made me curious, and my next post will reveal what I managed to learn about them. The investigation led to my most favorite picture of the entire season, so stay tuned!
Today’s photos come from mathematician and Hero of Intellectual Freedom Abby Thompson of UC Davis, whose avocation is photographing California tide pools and their invertebrates. Abby’s captions are indented, and you can enlarge her photos by clicking on them.
New year’s tidepool pictures from Dillon Beach in northern California, plus a few older photos. It’s not that much colder during the winter here- August can be freezing, December delightful. To see much in December you have to be willing to go out after dark, which is a little spooky, but has the advantage that you often get to see racoons foraging on the rocks. Sadly the only pictures I get of them look like two red dots (their eyes) on a black background.
As usual I got help with some of the IDs from people on inaturalist.
This is through a microscope, taken with my iphone. In the tidepools it appears as a small very pink blob stuck to a rock. These are hydroids, closely related to jellyfish, unlikely as that seems.
Kelp crab:
These crabs are one of the few things you should be cautious about in the tidepools here- they are reported to have a strong bite with their claws (I haven’t tested this), and they’re not shy.
The next four pictures are all nudibranchs. As you can see, their coloration is quite varied, but nevertheless they are all the same species. Keep this in mind for when we get to pictures 7,8 and 9.
Ok, the next two pictures are two distinct species of nudibranch. To my eye, the difference in coloration here is a bit more subtle than for the Triophas; H. crassicornis has white “stripes” on the frilly stuff on its back.
And the next picture is of these two local species of Hermissenda hanging out together. Not exactly in flagrante (nudibranchs spend an awful lot of their time mating and laying eggs), but still, looking pretty friendly. Maybe Jerry will chime in with some info on delimiting species? and how exactly it is done, for us non-experts. [JAC: two different forms copulating doesn’t resolve their species status!]
Hermissenda opalescens and Hermissenda crassicornis:
Clam siphons:
There is not enough appreciation of bivalves in the world, except as dinner, Their siphons can be lovely (I admit this may be in the eye of the beholder).
Wildlife photos return today, but I have precious few batches in the tank. If you got ’em, please send ’em, lest this feature disappear.
Today UC Davis mathematician Abby Thompson, who survived cancelation, is back with pictures of California tide pools. Abby’s captions are indented, and you can enlarge the photos by clicking on them.
November-December tidepools (Northern California). The weather at the coast over the Thanksgiving weekend was spectacular- sunny, warm, with no wind; perfect for poking around in the tide pools. As usual I got help with some of the IDs from people on inaturalist.
Mussel-covered rock (probably Mytilus californianus); I liked the pattern made on the sand as the tide retreated:
Eupentacta quinquesemita (stiff-footed sea cucumber) Probably; it’s a little hard to tell with sea cucumbers. This one was a couple of inches long.
Hemigrapsus nudus(Purple shore crab). This is one of the most common crabs on this stretch of shore. This one was small (maybe 2” across the back) but testy, apparently ready to take me on:
Dendronotus subramosus (nudibranch). Nudibranchs are often scarce at this time of year, but the calm sea seems to have brought them out:
Anthopleura artemisia (moonglow anemone). I’ve posted a few pictures of this species. The color varies so much that they all look quite different. I’ve never seen one that’s blue before; it was striking next to the brilliant orange sponge:
Cervus canadensis nannodes (Tule elk) from tiny creatures to large (although this species is small for elk). This picture is from Point Reyes National Seashore, where there’s a reserve. A short, highly recommended hike takes you to where the elk can be found wandering about:
Tomales Point at sunset, as the tide was beginning to turn:
Camera info: Mostly Olympus TG-7, in microscope mode, pictures taken from above the water. The last two pictures were taken with my iphone.
Today is a video day since the news is the depressing same-old-same old. Instead, I found this amazing three-minute video of a deep-sea (“benthic”) octopus, Graneledone boreopacifica, who brooded her eggs for more than FOUR YEARS (to be precise, 53 months). That is by far the record for any animal, as the video says. (The previous record for any animal was 14 months.) Octopuses are smart, and I wonder if she got bored sitting in the same spot for all that time.
Do realize that she almost certainly had nothing to eat over that period.
As far as I know, this guarding/brooding behavior is known in all octopuses that have been studied, and the sad part is that after the babies hatch, the mother simply withers and dies. This means that females reproduce only once.
Today’s batch of marine-life photos comes from math professor Abigail Thompson at UC Davis. We’ve met her before (in 2018) when she was widely and publicly demonized for simply writing a piece criticizing diversity statements (see this post, which is missing many links). But today we see her photographic skills with pictures of nudibranchs and other marine invertebrates. As she says, “I spend a lot of time up to my knees in cold water.” Abby’s captions and IDs are indented, and you can click on the photos to enlarge them. And remember that nudibranchs are molluscs.
These are all from the same 1-mile stretch of Northern California coastline during the past year. The pictures are mostly taken from above the water, at low tide. Most are of sea-slugs, beautiful animals with a terrible (common) name (although nudibranch sounds a bit better), with some ID help from inaturalist. Lots more pictures here or at inaturalist.
Ectopleura marina A hydroid, a (very small) animal that just stays put:
Equipment: One photo was with an iPhone through a microscope, but the rest were taken with an Olympus TG-6 or -7, the almost-indestructible tidepoolers favorite, with a sensational macro setting (I did manage to destroy the TG-6, but it took real effort).
Note: Three new photos added by readers’ request:
Coast-in-a-fog; that’s a deer in the middle. They come down to the water at night (for salt?) so if you’re out very early in the morning you see them there:
View towards Pt. Reyes from the top of a ridge:
I think those are pelicans on top of the rocks, at sunset: