An MCAT prep question

December 31, 2025 • 9:50 am

One of my colleagues’ students is going to take the MCAT, the test required to get into med school. (As far as I know, it’s still required.) The student found this question in a practice exam they were taking on a laptop.

I’ll print out what’s above:

Which of the following statements is NOT an accurate description of gender?

A. Gender is a biological distinction.
B. Gender ideals and expectations vary by culture.
C. Some societies recognize more than two genders.
D. Gender is a performative aspect of individual identity.

I know the right answer, but perhaps you can vote to see which one was deemed correct by those who made the test.  It’s unclear to me why this is on a test designed to assess students’ ability to succeed in medical school.  Well, you get a chance to answer it below, as here’s a poll. Pick one,and remember, you’re looking for an INACCURATE description of gender.

 

Which answer to this question is deemed NOT true by the test-makers:

View Results

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Roolz emphasis: overcommenting

December 28, 2025 • 12:00 pm

Several people, whom I won’t name, have taken to commenting more often than is suggested by Da Roolz. Let me reiterate the relevant one: Rool #9:

Try not to dominate threads, particularly in a one-on-one argument. I’ve found that those are rarely informative, and the participants never reach agreement. A good guideline is that if your comments constitute over 10% of the comments on a thread, you’re posting too much.

This is a guideline, not a hard-and-fast dictum, but be aware that comments should be informative, advance the discussion, and aren’t there just so you can tell the world that you exist.  Comments that say “+1” are particularly egregious because they say nothing more than “I agree,” evincing a laziness that can’t even produce those two words! (And even “I agree” is not that useful.)

Thanks!

 

 

Friday: Hili dialogue

December 26, 2025 • 6:45 am

Welcome to Friday, December 26, 2025, known in the British Commonwealth as Boxing Day, a name whose origin is unclear.  But for cats, it is clear, as this picture shows:

It’s also the Second Day of Koynezaa, which extends until December 30.  This picture was made by reader Stacy:

Finally, it’s also National Candy Candy Cane Day and National Whiner’s Day. Which reminds me of a Jewish joke:

Sol visits Abe and sees a dog in the house.

“So what kind of dog is this?” asks Sol.

“It’s a Jewish dog. His name is Irving,” says Abe. “Watch this,”continues Abe as he points to the dog. “Irving, Fetch!”

Irving walks slowly to the door, then turns around and says, “So why are you talking to me like that? You always order me around like I’m nothing. And then you make me sleep on the floor, with my arthritis…You give me this fahkahkta food with all the salt and fat, and you tell me it’s a special diet…It tastes like dreck! YOU should eat it yourself…And do you ever take me for a decent walk? NO, it’s out of the house, a short piss, and right back home. Maybe if I could stretch out a little, the sciatica wouldn’t kill me so much!”

Sol, amazed, tells Abe how remarkable this is, to which Abe replies, “I don’t know, I think this dog has a hearing problem. I said fetch, and he thought I said KVETCH!……..

Readers are welcome to mark notable events, births, or deaths on this day by consulting the December 26 Wikipedia page.

Note that the dialogue will be truncated for a few days as I get up to speed after Christmas.

Da Nooz:  

*Trump, angered because he heard that ISIS was attacking Christians in Nigeria, ordered US strikes on the terrorists.

The United States launched a number of strikes against the Islamic State in northwestern Nigeria, President Trump announced on Thursday, the latest American military campaign against a nonstate adversary — in this case, Islamic jihadis who the president asserts have been slaughtering Christians.

Mr. Trump said in a post on Truth Social that “the United States launched a powerful and deadly strike against ISIS Terrorist Scum in Northwest Nigeria, who have been targeting and viciously killing, primarily, innocent Christians at levels not seen for many years, and even Centuries!”

The strike involved more than a dozen Tomahawk cruise missiles fired off a Navy ship in the Gulf of Guinea, hitting insurgents in two ISIS camps in northwest Nigeria’s Sokoto State, according to a U.S. military official, who spoke on condition of anonymity to discuss operational matters. The operation was done in coordination with the Nigerian military, the official said.

In a statement, U.S. Africa Command said its initial assessment concluded that “multiple” ISIS terrorists were killed in the strik

“U.S. Africa Command is working with our Nigerian and regional partners to increase counter terrorism cooperation efforts related to ongoing violence and threats against innocent lives,” Gen. Dagvin Anderson, the commander of U.S. Africa Command, said in a statement. “Our goal is to protect Americans and disrupt violent extremist organizations wherever they are.”

Well, I guess we’re the world Christian Police, and these sudden strikes in different countries worry me.  Would Trump be striking ISIS if it were attacking some other group?  Is this some way that Trump is trying to get the Nobel Peace Prize? Because believe me, he wants that more than anything else.

*Again, nothing new in the Epstein files, of which a million more have been found. But they have dispelled the rumor that he was killed in custody.

Among the tens of thousands of Jeffrey Epstein files released so far by the Justice Department are documents that provide new details on one of the most discussed aspects of the case — his death in federal custody in 2019

Epstein, who was indicted in July 2019 on federal sex-trafficking charges, had been locked up in the now-closed Metropolitan Correctional Center in New York for five weeks when, on Aug. 10, at roughly 6:30 a.m., he was found dead in his cell.

He had been denied bail and, at age 66, was facing a potential 45-year sentence if convicted on all charges. The day before his death, federal judges in a separate civil lawsuit had unsealed 2,000 pages of records containing allegations of his sexual abuse of girls and young women.

Six days after his death, New York City’s chief medical examiner, Barbara Sampson, whose office had conducted an autopsy of Epstein’s body, issued a finding that he had hanged himself.

Ever since, a wide range of people, including members of Congress and some prominent supporters of President Donald Trump, have challenged that conclusion, asserting with no evidence that Epstein was killed and proffering theories about who might have done it.

Nope.

. . . The documents released so far provide no support for those theories. They do offer additional evidence for the conclusion reached by previous investigations — both by the Justice Department and media organizations — that jail officials failed to properly monitor Epstein even though they had previously put him on suicide watch.

Two jail staff members were charged after Epstein’s death with failing to watch him. Prosecutors said they slept through part of their shift, whiled away time shopping online and falsified log books to conceal their failure to conduct rounds every 30 minutes. They ultimately reached a deal to avoid trial. Jail officials also left Epstein alone in his cell, despite strict instructions not to do so.

. . . After struggling to stand him up, staff members put Epstein in hand and leg restraints and carried him out on a gurney, the report said. A medical assessment found redness and abrasions around his neck. Photos in the report, time-stamped 1:45 a.m. and labeled “possible suicide attempt,” show a disheveled Epstein in a blue anti-suicide smock, his skin faintly red above the collarbone.

Another conspiracy theory down the tubes. Epstein had the time and certainly the motive. The most parsimonious theory is suicide.

*The U.S. Coast Guard is still chasing that big empty (but sanctioned) oil tanker fleeing in the Caribbean. So far it hasn’t caught it, which is a puzzle.

A Coast Guard vessel was slicing through the Atlantic Ocean, with its target in sight just a half mile away, when a realization set in. The crew was going to need backup, U.S. officials said.

The Bella 1, an oil tanker far larger than any Coast Guard ship, has been fleeing the U.S. blockade of sanctioned vessels heading in and out of Venezuela. Sanctioned for allegedly shipping oil to U.S.-designated terrorist organizations, the Bella 1 made an unusual move last weekend, executing a U-turn, refusing to be boarded and racing away from Venezuela at full speed.

Now, more than five days into the pursuit, the Coast Guard and U.S. military are assembling more manpower and weapons to forcibly board the vessel, the U.S. officials said. Among the units they are moving to the area is a Maritime Special Response Team, an elite force trained to board hostile ships, the officials said.

The hunt for the Bella 1 marks potentially the most dangerous moment yet for the U.S. in its nascent quarantine of the Venezuelan oil industry, part of a campaign to squeeze the country’s leader, Nicolás Maduro, whom the Trump administration accuses of flooding the U.S. with drugs. Maduro denies the charges and accuses Washington of naval piracy and trying to steal his country’s natural resources.

It isn’t publicly known why the Bella 1 is refusing the Coast Guard’s demands. The Bella 1’s owner, Turkey-based Louis Marine Shipholding Enterprises, didn’t return calls seeking comment.

Most commercial seafaring vessels, even those carrying illicit products, are staffed by crews with little incentive to disobey the orders of the U.S. armed forces.

The U.S. has sanctioned it for allegedly carrying black-market Iranian oil on behalf of U.S.-designated terrorist organizations aligned with Tehran—the Lebanese militia Hezbollah and the Houthis, the rebels who have controlled swaths of Yemen for more than a decade. The U.S. Treasury Department says the Bella 1 has links to the Quds Force, the foreign arm of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps, a powerful paramilitary and business entity.

“They are probably getting orders from somewhere,” retired Rear Adm. William Baumgartner, a former judge-advocate general in the Coast Guard, said of the unusual behavior of the ship’s crew. “These are owned by very bad people trying to make money in a particular manner.”

The U.S. will get it, though. Is it carrying some other prohibited cargo?:

. . . . There is no rush to conduct an operation against the Bella 1, a slow-moving vessel that can’t outrun U.S. forces now that its location is known, U.S. officials said. That has given the U.S. time to deploy the appropriate units, explaining why the chase has stretched over several days.

In addition to relocating elite forces, Baumgartner said, the Coast Guard might also be bringing in a captain qualified to pilot a ship of such vast size—about three football fields long and almost 20 stories tall.

Once everything is in place, he said, the U.S. would have the right under international law to use force to board the Bella 1, beginning with a graduated series of warnings that could include warning shots.

“They will have multiple helicopters, they will fast-rope into the tanker, and they’ll go up to the bridge, and they’ll take control of the vessel,” he said about a likely scenario.

I’m amazed that they can just fly in a captain, unfamiliar with the ship, and he or she can simply take over the ship, bringing it to the U.S. It may be a nasty fight when the Coast Guard finally boards the vessel.

Meanwhile in Dobrzyn, Hili has gone quiet (sort of):

Andrzej: You’ve been silent recently.
Hili: True, but it’s a very expressive silence.

In Polish:

Ja: Milczysz ostatnio.
Hili: Tak, ale to jest wyraziste milczenie.

*******************

From CinEmma:

 

From Strange, Stupid, or Silly Signs:

From Ginger K.: a happy cookie.

From Masih: an Iranian woman violates the law, big time:

From Luana, who says “F**k: another one!”  We’ve met Beans Velocci before, pushing this same dumb idea. You can read about Beans (they/them) here.

Reposted by J. K. Rowling (aka Satan). Remember, the Taliban said they would not curtail women’s education when they took over Afghanistan.

From Malcolm:  TAKE HIS ORDER!

One from my feed. Sound up, of course:

One I reposted from The Auschwitz Memorial:

This French Jewish boy was killed with cyanide gas as soon as he arrived in Auschwitz. He was three years old. He would be 87 today had he lived.

Jerry Coyne (@evolutionistrue.bsky.social) 2025-12-26T12:38:48.949Z

Two from Dr. Cobb. This first one seems eminently possible to me: a predator deterrent:

Today I have something really special for you guys! Not too far from the caiman I posted recently, I found something MIND BLOWINGThis is a butterfly pupa, and it mimics the head of a snake. And not just any snake, but specifically the head of a boa snake!!! Probably Opsiphanes, an owlet butterfly.

Gil Wizen (@wizentrop.bsky.social) 2025-12-24T16:17:38.294Z

Matthew tells me that he simply doesn’t know how to take selfies:

This is *exactly* my expression whenever I take a selfie.

Matthew Cobb (@matthewcobb.bsky.social) 2025-12-24T17:04:27.776Z

Send in your holiday cat photos!

December 21, 2025 • 7:30 am

Once again I tender a reminder to send in your photo of cats with a Christmas theme (or Hanukkah theme, as we now have several Jewish cats).  The instructions are here and we have acquired the requisite 20 photos for posting. (Note: no AI pictures like the one I made below. Especially with the wrong number of candles on the menorah, like the two superfluous ones in the photo below!)

Remember, one photo per submission, please! I’ll make the Deadline 9 a.m. December 24; the day before Koynezaa.

 

Send in your cat photos!

December 17, 2025 • 7:30 am

Once again I tender a reminder to send in your photo of cats with a Christmas theme (or Hanukkah theme, as we now have five Jewish cats).  The instructions are here and we have acquired the requisite 20 photos for posting. (Note: the picture I generated the drawing below by AI  we don’t want those!)

Remember, one photo per submission, please! I’ll make the Deadline 9 a.m. December 24; the day before Koynezaa.

Readers’ wildlife photos

December 6, 2025 • 8:15 am

Send in your photos if you got ’em! One who did is Athayde Tonhasca Júnior, who gives us a photo-and-text essay on his favorite subject: pollination. Athayde’s captions are indented, and you can enlarge the photos by clicking on them

Sonicate to pollinate

For most species of angiosperms (flowering plants), fertilization depends on the transfer of pollen from the male anthers of one flower to the female stigma of another. For the majority of those flowers, pollen is released through the splitting open (dehiscence is the technical term for it) of mature anthers. But for approximately 6% of the world’s angiosperms, pollen is kept locked inside non-dehiscent anthers and accessed only through small openings – pores or slits – in their extremities. We refer to them as poricidal anthers.

A – Parts of a flower: pistil, 1. Stigma, 2. Style, 3. Anthers, 4. Filament, 5. Sepal © JJ Harrison, Wikimedia Commons. B – Most flowers release pollen by the splitting of the anthers along a line of weakness (top right); some only do it through a small hole or pore (bottom right) © Michael G. Simpson, Wikimedia Commons.

 

Sometimes the whole flower has a poricidal arrangement, as it is the case for the tomato and related plants (Solanum spp.). Pollen is concealed inside a cone-shaped cluster of fused stamens and can only be released though a pore at the tip. Botanist say these flowers have a solanoid shape, after the name of the plant genus.

Solanoid-shaped tomato flowers © Muffet, Wikimedia Commons.

Extracting pollen from poricidal structures is not easy, but some bees know a way to do it.

A bee lands on one of these flowers, bites an anther and curls her body around it. She then let out bursts of fast contractions and relaxation of her thoracic muscles – those used for flying, but here the wings don’t move. This produces cyclical deformations of her thorax that last from fractions of a second to a few seconds, and can be repeated many times (think of a body builder flexing his pectoral muscles really, really fast). These movements generate vibrations that are transmitted to the anther, causing pollen grains to fall though the apical pores and land on the bee’s body, perhaps aided by electrostatic forces. Watch the whole sequence of events in these two videos.

JAC: Caption for first video is this: “In an effort that would put heavy metal fans to shame, researchers have for the first time captured Australian bees’ unique approach to pollination – headbanging flowers up to 350 times a second.”

YouTube caption: “Buzz pollination is a special technique for dislodging pollen from certain types of plants – and bumble bees are among the few species of bee capable of doing it.”  Buzzing starts at about 0:44:

This fancy pollen-harvesting manoeuvre creates a high-pitched buzz, hence it is known as ‘buzz pollination’ or ‘sonication’ in technical reports. A physicist or an engineer could point out that this mechanism is not strictly sonication because it’s not sound that agitates and extracts pollen, rather direct vibrations on the flower. But ‘sonication’ is the term commonly adopted, so we will keep it. Bumble bees (Bombus spp.), carpenter bees (Xylocopa spp.), and some other bees can buzz pollinate: honey bees (Apis spp.) and most leafcutter bees (Megachile spp.) cannot. And apparently only females know the trick; males have never been recorded buzz pollinating.

A bee engaged in buzz pollination © Bob Peterson, Wikimedia Commons:

Plant species with poricidal floral morphology are distributed across at least 80 angiosperm families, which suggests that buzz pollination has evolved independently many times. This has probably been helped by bees’ readiness to buzz for other reasons such as warning potential enemies, compacting nest materials, or cooling/warming their nest with wing beats.

Buzz-pollination syndrome, the name given for this plant-bee association, is not just a biological curiosity. It makes a huge difference for crops such as tomatoes, raspberries, cranberries, blueberries, aubergines, kiwis and chili peppers. These plants don’t necessarily need buzz pollination to reproduce, but they produce more and better fruit if they are buzzed because more pollen is transferred and more ovules are fertilised.

In the late 1980’s, Belgian and Dutch companies developed techniques to rear on a large scale the buff-tailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris), the ultimate buzz pollinator. Local producers of greenhouse tomatoes began replacing costly mechanical pollinators with boxes containing bumble bee hives, and a global, multi-million pound industry was born. Today, every tomato bought in a European supermarket has matured with the help of a commercially reared bumble bee.

A commercial bumble bee hive used in greenhouses © Elaine Evans, The Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education:

We may see pollination as a harmonious relationship in which plant and insect go out of their way to help each other, but this is mistakenly romantic. A bee aims to take all the flower’s pollen: pollination happens because a few grains are dropped or rubbed off by accident. And a plant produces as little nectar and pollen as necessary to entice a flower visit. So the association between pollinators and flowers is best described as a mutual exploitation.

Buzz pollination fits nicely into this scenario. Poricidal anthers prevent excessive pollen expenditure by rewarding only buzz-pollination specialists, which increases the chances of pollination. Plants with poricidal structures typically secrete little or no nectar but their pollen is rich in protein, which convinces a bee to go to the trouble of buzzing to gain a small dose of the yellow stuff. It’s a clever, efficient trade agreement in the pollinator’s world.