Jupiter and beyond the infinite

May 30, 2017 • 2:30 pm

by Matthew Cobb

Watch this on full screen with your speakers turned up and your mind-expanding drug of choice to hand.

This animation by Seán Doran uses the stunning images recently sent back by the Juno probe. Nobody was expecting the degree of complexity in Jupiter’s multiple storm systems – it really is an extraordinary sight.

The music is by Ligeti (pronounced LIG-ehti) and, if you don’t the cinematic reference in both the title of the post and the choice of music, they are taken from Stanley Kubrick’s masterwork, 2001: A Space Odyssey, when the sole surviving astronaut, Dave Bowman, leaves the stricken spacecraft and journeys into, well – that’s up to you. If you haven’t seen the film, I think you can safely watch this brief extract to get an idea – it won’t spoil your enjoyment when you eventually watch it.

Google Doodle celebrates discovery of exoplanets

February 23, 2017 • 12:30 pm

An “exoplanet” is a planet outside the solar system, and today’s Google Doodle, remarkably timely (and cute), celebrates yesterday’s announcement (published in Nature; I haven’t yet read the paper) of seven exoplanets found orbiting around a single star called “Trappist-1”, forty light years away:

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As NASA reports, there are seven planets, all roughly the size of Earth, though the star—their “sun”—is considerably smaller than ours (it’s about the size of Jupiter).  The excitement about this announcement comes from the fact that all seven of the planets might have water in some form, but three of them are in the cushy “Goldilocks zone”, where temperatures and the presence of liquid water on a rocky planet might be amenable to the evolution of life. Here’s NASA’s depiction of the planetary system (click to enlarge):

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This artist’s concept shows what the TRAPPIST-1 planetary system may look like, based on available data about the planets’ diameters, masses and distances from the host star. Credit: NASA-JPL/Caltech


And an imagined view of the Trappist-1 sun from one of the exoplanets (note that, unlike our Sun, the star is pinkish):

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Imagine standing on the surface of the exoplanet TRAPPIST-1f. This artist’s concept is one interpretation of what it could look like Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

As far as I can tell, the Spitzer infrared telescope that detected these planets didn’t actually see them; they were detected by perturbation of the signal. They will, however, be investigated more intensively with the “James Webb Space Telescope,” which will be able to detect crucial things like the presence of oxygen—almost a sure sign of life. That scope will be launched next year.

Now do these planets have any life on them? How the hell do I know? I can’t even say with any degree of certainty whether there’s life elsewhere in the Universe, though I think the odds favor it. But on these three: who knows? They’re too far away to send probes, but maybe we can now aim radio signals there, just in case there’s intelligent life.

But they’re just three planets; as Sean Carroll wrote on his Facebook page, urging caution, “Evergreen caution: the observable universe could have 10^25 planets, and the chance that any one of them has life might be 10^-100.” (That’s 0.00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001). Still, the possibility that we’ll find life out there, which fascinates people, especially evolutionary biologists, means that we’ll cling to the smallest probabilities.

In the meantime, HuffPo, which has been driven literally insane by Donald Trump, took the opportunity to drag him into this finding. You’ll find this headline on its Science page (click on screenshot to see article), which just gives a bunch of stupid tweets.  I am amused at how crazed that site has become about Trump. One would think that there’s nothing else going on in the world.

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Note: there is no science in that piece; and it’s not funny, either.

A map of the Universe

September 12, 2016 • 12:30 pm

This video is self-explanatory, but when I first watched it a question came immediately to mind: how come the superfluity of stars that serve no obvious purpose if you think this is all God’s creation? Since we can’t see most of these by eye, why did God make them in the first place? Or are they providing light for God-created species living on other planets?

Be sure to enlarge the video.

https://vimeo.com/152764616

Readers’ wildlife photographs

September 1, 2016 • 7:30 am

Reader Don McCrady sent a bunch of gorgeous astronomy photos. His notes are indented, and further technical and astronomical notes are at the links. Click to enlarge.

Now that the weather in Seattle has turned back to being typical Seattle weather, I’ve finally had a chance to process some of the images I took during August.  There’s 6 of them, so I thought I’d just drop them all into one big post.  After this batch, you might not hear from me for a while given the crappy weather I can look forward to for the next 7 months.

First, a batch of emission nebulae.  My astro-imaging system [JAC: have a look!] is optimized for these targets because I shoot from my highly light-polluted backyard, under the glare of 3 street lights.  Emission nebulae such as these respond well to narrow-band filters because they block out all light, including light pollution, except for a 3 nanometer wide strip of the spectrum corresponding to the emissions of ionized hydrogen (Hydrogen-α) and oxygen (Oxygen-III).  Since Hα sits in the red portion of the spectrum, I map it to “red” in the image; and since Oxygen-III lies very close to the blue-green boundary of the spectrum, I use it for both blue and green, thus making a 3-colour final image from only 2 source colours.  (I do add about 10% of the Hα to the blue channel since that element does shine weakly in that part of the spectrum.)  The result is a sort-of-close-to-true-colour image.
Here are 5 such emission nebulae.

M27 – the Dumbbell Nebula:  This planetary nebula offers a vision of what our own sun might look like when it has run its course and puffed off its shell of heavy elements formed in its furnace the preceding 10 billion years.  It lies about 1300 light years distant in the constellation of Vulpecula (the Fox), and is an easy visual target for amateur astronomers.

M27 is a planetary nebula, which like all planetary nebulae, offers a vison of what our own sun might look like when it has run its course and has puffed off its shell of heavy elements formed in its furnace for the preceding 10 billion years. It lies about 1300 light years distant in the constellation of Vulpecula (the Fox), and is an easy visual target for amateur astronomers. This was taken using a Stellarvue SVS130 and a SBIG STL-4020M camera using 3nm Astrodon Hydrogen-alpha and Oxygen-III filters. The red areas represent Hydrogen-alpha, while the blue/green areas are Oxygen-III. The image was processed in MaximDL and Photoshop, and then upsampled 2x.

The Elephant’s Trunk Nebula:  This is a portion of a much larger nebula known non-poetically as IC1396, which lies 3000 light years distant in the constellation Cepheus.  The bright blue star near the left edge of the image is HD 206267, and is responsible for the energizing the dust and glass in the area.  The stellar winds compress the molecular cloud into thin edges, and the intense radiation ionizes it forming bright filaments and fascinating structures.

This is the Elephant Trunk region of a much larger nebula known non-poetically as IC1396, which lies 3000 light years distant in the constellation Cepheus. The bright blue star near the left edge of the image is HD 206267 is responsible for the energizing the dust and glass in the area. The stellar winds compress the molecular cloud into thin edges, and the intense radiation ionizes it forming bright filaments and fascinating structures. This image was taken with a Stellarvue SVS130 telescope and an SBIG STL-4020M CCD camera. Hydrogen-alpha was used as the red channel, while the blue and green channels are Oxygen-III. The image was processed in MaximDL and Photoshop, and was upsampled 1.5x

The Pacman Nebula:  A whimsical name for a nebula more formally known as NGC281, which lies approximately 9500 light years away, toward the constellation Cassiopeia.

This bright nebula, which lies approximately 9500 light years distant toward the constellation Cassiopeia, is often whimsically referred to as the Pacman Nebula. Taken with a Stellarvue SVS130 telescope and an SBIG STL-4020M CCD camera. Hydrogen-alpha was used as the red channel, while the blue and green channels are Oxygen-III. The image was processed in MaximDL and Photoshop, and was upsampled 1.5x

Sharpless 2-188:  Sorry, but as far as I know there is no well-known whimsical name for this nebula, which is the 188th entry in the 2nd edition of Steward Sharpless’s catalog of emission nebulae.  It is a planetary nebula — the remains of a dying star — in the constellation Cassiopeia. It is unusual because of its asymmetry, and is thought to be much brighter in one segment because the central star is moving rapidly in that direction.

Sh2-188 is a planetary nebula -- the remains of a dying star -- in the constellation Cassiopeia. It is unusual because of its asymetry, and is thought to be much brighter in one segment because the central star is moving rapidly in that direction. Taken with a Stellarvue SVS130 and STL-4020M CCD camera. Hydrogen-alpha was used as red, and Oxygen-III was used as blue and green. Processed in MaximDL and Photoshop, and upsampled 2x.

The Eastern Veil and the Western Veil nebulae:  These two images are the eastern and western portions (respectively) of the Veil Nebula, a complex remnant of a powerful supernova explosion which occurred thousands of years ago.  The bright star in the Western Veil (also called the Witch’s Broom Nebula) is 52 Cygni.

Eastern Veil:

The eastern Veil Nebula (NGC 6992/6995) is just one part of a beautiful complex that is the remnant of a supernova that occurred thousands of years ago. It is a spectacular sight through a telescope eyepiece that has been fitted with an OIII or narrowband filter. Taken with a Stellarvue SVS130 and SBIG STL-4020M, with Hydrogen-alpha as red, and Oxygen-III as green and blue. Processed in MaximDL and Photoshop, and upsampled 1.5x.

Western Veil:

The Witch's Broom Nebula is also part of the famous Veil Nebula complex, this being the western portion. The entire complex is the remnant of a powerful supernova explosion which occurred thousands of years ago, sending elements forged in the destroyed stars core into space. The bright star is 52 Cygni. Hydrogen-alpha was used as the red channel, while Oxygen-III was used as the blue and green channels. Taken with a Stellarvue SVS130 and STL-4020M. Processed in MaximDL and Photoshop, and upsampled 1.5x.

The Triangulum Galaxy:  Finally, something that is not a nebula, although I worked hard to bring out the nebulae within this nearby galaxy, Messier 33.  This image was taken through wide-band red, green, and blue filters and thus is rendered here in “true colour”.  However, I did also take separate Hydrogen-α, which augments and highlights the active emission nebulae that are scattered throughout the galaxy.  Some of these nebulae have their own NGC designations such as the very bright NGC604 on the left edge of the galaxy.  Both the galaxy and some of its bright nebulae are easily seen through amateur telescopes, and although it has a low surface brightness, M33 can be seen with the naked eye from a dark location.

The Pinwheel galaxy, also known as M33, is one of the closest large galaxies to our own, and also one of the brightest. Although it has a low surface brightness, it can be seen with the unaided eye from a very dark rural site. The brightest HII region has its own NGC designation, NGC 604, and can also be easily seen in an amateur telescope at moderate power. The image is a combination of Red, Green, and Blue, augmented with a layer of Hydrogen-alpha to bring out the HII regions. It was taken using a Stellarvue SVS130 and an SBIG STL-4020M, and processed in MaximDL, PixInsight, and Photoshop. The final image was upsampled 1.5x.

Accommodationism at the American Astronomical Society

November 12, 2015 • 10:30 am

Here’s an abstract from a current meeting of the American Astronomical Society (AAS), along with a transcript below if you don’t have a magnifying glass. This was sent to me by an attendee (who wishes to remain anonymous) of the annual meeting of the Division for Planetary Sciences of the AAS.

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When I read this, I was flummoxed: why would a scientific organization present an abstract about a homeschool course trying to comport science with religion? It’s essentially a statement pushing one view of theology: that there’s no conflict between these areas, when in fact other people disagree. It has nothing to do with science itself.

This abstract does not belong in a scientific meeting. As the authors note, “The role of science educators is to teach science, not to impose worldviews.” But what are these authors doing but imposing a worldview—science and religion are BFFs—on the children who read their book?  Here’s a transcript of the above (indented; my comments are flush left):

CONTROL ID: 236537
TITLE: The Crossroads of Science and Faith

ABSTRACT BODY: Abstract (2,250 Maximum Characters) : We have recently completed a 4-year project to produce a textbook for students that uniquely addresses the needs of the Christian homeschool community. It is also relevant for students of other faith and non-faith backgrounds. Two elements are at work: parents want their kids to become mature adults adhering to the faith of their upbringing, and students are challenged when they don’t understand how to rationally discuss their beliefs in relation to many current scientific discoveries. To add to the polarization, a few scientists have spread an atheistic naturalistic worldview together with their teaching of science as if it was part of science itself. As a result many parents avoid materials they consider controversial and students later come to believe they must choose between science and their faith. The key to bridging this gap are professional astronomers who hold to a Christian worldview and who can speak both languages, understanding the complexities of both communities.

This, of course, buttresses one of the main goals of Christian homeschooling: to avoid exposing children to anything that might damage their faith or make them question it. In truth, I seriously doubt that in public secondary schools children are exposed to “atheistic worldviews” that supposedly make them choose between science and faith. The reason young people exposed to science leave their faith is, I suspect, mainly because science teaches them to question, to doubt, and to trust evidence. Taken seriously, the produces an erosion of faith. And that’s why people like this book’s authors are so desperate to get to the kids before they have that exposure. The book is, in fact, a form of brainwashing: imposing the parents’ religious views on the children.  The abstract continues:

The role of science educators is to teach science, not to impose worldviews. Science is well received by Christians when it is presented not as a threat to faith, but rather as a complementary way to understand God, leading to a more integrated view of reality.

“A more integrated view of reality”? This, of course, presumes that the tenets of Christianity are aspect of reality. Why can’t the authors just present the science without any mention of faith? Why wouldn’t that be “well received”? Again we see a concerted effort by religious scientists to avoid at all costs letting the kids think for themselves about how the science affects the worldview they’ve been fed.

Our textbook boasts four hallmarks, providing students with: 1) An understanding of the relationship between faith and science with the goal of helping students to identify and integrate their own worldview. 2) Scientifically reviewed and accurate astronomical information. 3) Examples of scientists who have wrestled with science/faith issues and come to a coherent relationship between the two. And 4) exercises for the students to interact with the material in both faith and scientific areas. We hope this will be a resource to help parents who hold tightly to particular ideologies to be less closed to current scientific discovery and more excited about how new discoveries can bolster and enable their faith. We will present an overview of our materials, the positive experience we have had so far in testing our materials, and our goals for future training within the homeschool and church communities. For more information about the textbook see, http://www.glimpseofhissplendor.com/

CURRENT * CATEGORY: Education CURRENT : None

AUTHORS/INSTITUTIONS: S.D. Benecchi, Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, Arizona, UNITED STATES; G. Kober, GSFC/NASA, Greenbelt, Maryland, UNITED STATES; P. Gossard, Carin University, Langhorne, Pennsylvania, UNITED STATES.

Note that three of the four “hallmarks” have nothing to do with science itself, but represent efforts to assure students that they can have their astronomy and Jesus too. The book tells students about scientists who have managed to comport the incompatible naturalistic and supernaturalist worldviews, but not about those scientists, like Steven Weinberg, who haven’t.

Such is the nature of religious homeschooling in this nation, and I abhor it. Perhaps there’s a rationale for homeschooling if you think your kids aren’t getting good academic instruction in the local schools, but the main reason in the U.S. is not that, but to keep children enclosed in a religious cocoon so, when they enter the real world, they’ve been thoroughly and irrevocably indoctrinated.

The textbook, as described on Benecchi’s website, is The Crossroads of Science and Faith: Astronomy Through a Christian Worldview.  All three authors are described as “having been raised on a Christian home.” As described on the site, the motivation for writing this group was to stem the attrition of Christians from their faith because they learn about science. As I’ve noted before, one of the main reasons young Christians leave the church, at least as discerned by a Barna Group poll, is that “churches come across as antagonistic to science.” The book’s description:

Statistics show that a large number of students who claim to be Christians abandon their faith during their college years. While there may be many reasons for this sad abandonment of faith, research shows that confusion about science and faith issues play an important role in this outcome.

The motivation of the authors in writing this textbook is to change the statistics mentioned above by preparing students to engage in courteous and thoughtful dialogue with respect to science and faith issues. They also seek to equip students to defend their faith with sound reasoning and confidence while they learn about the remarkable science of astronomy.

book-cover

Readers’ wildlife photos

October 6, 2015 • 7:15 am

Today we have a grab-bag of diverse photos from several readers, some sans wildlife. The first is from Brandon Cooper, who collaborates with my ex-student Daniel Matute collecting Drosophila flies in Africa:

I recently returned from Zambia, Malawi, and Namibia where Matute and I collected a nice transect of melanogaster and simulans. While collecting in the South Luangwa area of Zambia, I took these two pictures that I think you will enjoy. Needless to say it was a lot of fun collecting flies in areas where big cats randomly walk past. [Leopard: Panthera pardus.]

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Reader Charleen Adams sent in two birds:

Belted kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon).  This (?) female was being mobbed by crows on an otherwise serene Seattle day.  After landing next to this pillar at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, she shut her eyes for about a minute.  I kept the crows away until she came to.  In a burst, which relieved me tremendously, she flew off.

BeltedKingfisher

Here is a California condor (Gymnogyps californianus): 

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From Stephen Barnard, a bird butt.

I had a little too much lens for this Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis):

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And some stellar stunners from reader Tim Anderson in Oz:

I have attached two star photos taken last weekend.
The first shows the Small Magellanic Cloud and the Large Magellanic Cloud. These are two irregular galaxies visible to the naked eye in the southern hemisphere close to the South Celestial Pole.
These objects are among the closest galaxies to the Milky Way and are both areas of vigorous new star formation. The prominent star at the top of the picture is Beta Hydri, which appears to be similar to the sun, though much later in its evolution, being a red giant.

LMC+SMC

The second picture shows gas and dust clouds in part of the Milky Way visible at this time of year in Australia.
Each picture was compiled from a set of about thirty 8-second photographs taken with a 15mm focal length lens on a Canon 70D camera. The details of the LMC and SMC is borrowed from the commentary in the Sky Safari program (whic I recommend for stargazers).

MilkyWayView

 

 

So you think you knew Pluto?

September 15, 2015 • 2:30 pm

NASA has put up some stunning pictures of Pluto taken by the New Horizons spacecraft that did its amazing and recent flyby. I won’t duplicate everything the article says, but will show you just a few sections of text and some images (more at the site) that justify the URL’s bit that “it’s complicated”. The text from the NASA site is indented:

New close-up images of Pluto from NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft reveal a bewildering variety of surface features that have scientists reeling because of their range and complexity.

“Pluto is showing us a diversity of landforms and complexity of processes that rival anything we’ve seen in the solar system,” said New Horizons Principal Investigator Alan Stern, of the Southwest Research Institute (SwRI), Boulder, Colorado. “If an artist had painted this Pluto before our flyby, I probably would have called it over the top — but that’s what is actually there.”

New Horizons began its yearlong download of new images and other data over the Labor Day weekend. Images downlinked in the past few days have more than doubled the amount of Pluto’s surface seen at resolutions as good as 400 meters (440 yards) per pixel. They reveal new features as diverse as possible dunes, nitrogen ice flows that apparently oozed out of mountainous regions onto plains, and even networks of valleys that may have been carved by material flowing over Pluto’s surface. They also show large regions that display chaotically jumbled mountains reminiscent of disrupted terrains on Jupiter’s icy moon Europa.

An icy plain and other complex features (Pluto’s diameter is about 2400 km, or about 18% that of Earth):

nh-surface-features-9-11-15

“The surface of Pluto is every bit as complex as that of Mars,” said Jeff Moore, leader of the New Horizons Geology, Geophysics and Imaging (GGI) team at NASA’s Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California. “The randomly jumbled mountains might be huge blocks of hard water ice floating within a vast, denser, softer deposit of frozen nitrogen within the region informally named Sputnik Planum.”

A closeup of the broken terrain, photo taken July 14 of this year:

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New images also show the most heavily cratered — and thus oldest — terrain yet seen by New Horizons on Pluto next to the youngest, most crater-free icy plains. There might even be a field of dark wind-blown dunes, among other possibilities.

Craters, mountains, and ridges:

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“Seeing dunes on Pluto — if that is what they are — would be completely wild, because Pluto’s atmosphere today is so thin,” said William B. McKinnon, a GGI deputy lead from Washington University, St. Louis. “Either Pluto had a thicker atmosphere in the past, or some process we haven’t figured out is at work. It’s a head-scratcher.”

If you’re a Plutophile, you know that the planet (or whatever you want to call it) has five moons. Here’s the largest, Charon, 1200 km in diameter. Its terrain is also also quite complex:

nh-charon_9-10-15

h/t: Mark Sturtevant