Desperate, the Discovery Institute begs my readers to ask me to debate intelligent design and the Hedin case

June 26, 2013 • 10:45 am

A while back the Discovery Institute invited me to come to their  Evolution News and Views website to debate the Hedin case, intelligent design in general, and Stephen Meyer’s new creationist book on the Cambrian Explosion. They would then, they said, respond to me on that site.

Now why on earth would I do that? I can discuss ID and the Hedin case right here, and, unlike the DI, I allow readers to comment.

My response to the DI’s “invitation” is the same as that given by ecologist Bob May when asked to debate a creationist:

“That would look great on your CV, not so good on mine.”

As for rehashing my views on ID, I’ve done that at length in two essays in The New Republic, “The faith that dare not speak its name” (2005) and “The great mutator” (2007; both free online). And I’ll leave the assessment of the Meyer book to the paleobiology pros, as I have my own book to write.

But the DI persists, and is so desperate to engage me in their pages that they’ve posted an appeal to my readers—that’s right, folks, to YOU—asking you to importune me to debate them on their site.

The inimitable David Klinghoffer sounds this note of desperation at Evilution News and Views in “An appeal to Jerry Coyne’s readers“:

That’s why I turn to [Coyne’s] readers. I suppose the leading Darwin defenders in the academic world have a professional stake in seeing lively, informed, critical discussion of their crippled theory muffled. I can also see why some angry, resentful folks among the Darwinist rank-and-file likewise only want to see competing theories squelched, not debated — theories that are friendly, perhaps, to worldviews they have rejected for private, personal reasons of their own.

But the average reader who enjoys Coyne’s Why Evolution Is True for its spritely, pugilistic tone? I’m talking to you. Surely you would enjoy seeing your hero come over and teach us a lesson about “good science” by trouncing us on the actual merit of our ideas, or lack of it? The author of Why Evolution Is True has never done that. Rather than bluffing like Nick Matzke, give us the real goods — the details please — on why ID fails as science.

Or how about you other pro-Darwin bloggers. What about your own readers? I trust that some of you, for goodness sake, would enjoy seeing a champion of the Darwin community like Coyne, having read Darwin’s Doubt, come over here and trounce us? So let Jerry Coyne know your feelings.

Sometimes I’ve wondered if Darwinists really are completely united in a wish to run from any fair fight. Am I wrong to wonder? At least show me that. Go back over to Why Evolution Is True now and tell Coyne you want to see him take us apart, on our home turf. Go on, what are you waiting for?

Now somehow I feel that most of my readers aren’t going to urge me to engage in a debate that is, after all, just putting my regular posts on the DI site instead of here. That would do nothing but get them the traffic they desperately want. And I can tell you that I am not going to engage in that debate. I have the purity of my c.v. to worry about.

But if you want to importune me, or respond to Klinghoffer’s desperate plea, feel free to do so in the comments below. After all, he’s talking to you, but you can’t respond over there.

You ID advocates can also make your case, but the website rules are that we can then ask, before you post further, about your evidence for God The Intelligent Designer.

This is the last time I’ll be engaging the Discovery Institute directly on these issues. DIers are not scientists but religious zealots concealing clerical collars beneath threadbare lab coats. I will debate real scientific issues with other scientists, but not creationism with creationists who pretend to be scientists. After all, real scientists are open to reason, and don’t spend their time making up evidence to buttress a priori emotional commitments.

Two great victories for gays: Supreme Court overturns obstacle to gay marriage and allows federal benefits

June 26, 2013 • 8:03 am

This is unexpected but fantastic news: just this morning, the U.S. Supreme Court, by a vote of 5-4, nullified a California ruling that restricted marriage to male-female couples and, at the same time, also struck down a federal law preventing legally married same-sex couples from getting federal benefits.

According to the New York Times:

In the California case, the court ruled that opponents of same-sex marriage did not have standing to appeal a a lower-court ruling that overturned California’s ban. The Supreme Court’s ruling appears to remove legal obstacles to same-sex couples marrying in the state, but the court did not issue a broad ruling likely to affect other states.

The decision on the federal law was 5 to 4, with Justice Anthony M. Kennedy writing the majority opinion, which the four liberal-leaning justices joined.

“The federal statute is invalid, for no legitimate purpose overcomes the purpose and effect to disparage and injure those whom the State, by its marriage laws, sought to protect in personhood and dignity,” Justice Kennedy wrote. “By seeking to displace this protection and treating those persons as living in marriages less respected than others.”

Chief Justice John G. Roberts was in the minority, as were Justices Antonin Scalia, Clarence Thomas and Samuel Alito.

The ruling overturned the Defense of Marriage Act, which passed with bipartisan support and President Bill Clinton signed.

Justice Kennedy, in his opinion, wrote that the law was “unconstitutional as a deprivation of the equal liberty of persons that is protected by the Fifth Amendment.”

Thank Ceiling Cat for Kennedy, the swing vote! Of course all the conservatives want to reserve marriage for male-female couples.  But there is no moral justification for that save the outmoded dicta of religion.

Things aren’t quite over yet, for, as the Times reports, “The court is still expected to rule Wednesday on a second case involving same-sex marriage: whether California’s ban on it is unconstitutional.”

That will be the real watershed ruling, and I hope, based on today’s decisions, that the justices will rule that gay marriage is indeed constitutional. If so, I’m betting the ruling will again be 5-4. Keep your fingers crossed. (If you’re against gay marriage, you need to be reading another website!)

Karl Giberson defends Hedin, decries outsiders interfering with Ball State

June 26, 2013 • 7:43 am

Well, I never thought I’d see the day when Karl Giberson criticized the Scopes Trial as a waste of time, an unwarranted incursion of scientific carpetbaggers into a sleepy Southern town best left to its own business.

But in his latest PuffHo piece, “Teaching about God and science revisited,” that’s exactly what Karl says. Giberson draws a parallel between the activities of people like me and the lawyers of the Freedom from Religion Foundation (FFRF) in trying to prevent creationism from being taught at Ball State University (BSU), and “carpetbaggers” like Clarence Darrow and other members of the defense and prosecution in Dayton, Tennessee. As he says,

The situation at Ball State is reminiscent of the Scopes Trial, where a tiny non-event in Dayton, Tennessee, was enlarged by early 20th century culture warriors — Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan — into an unhelpful national distraction that provided nothing but entertainment.

Non-event? Really, Karl: do you think that the Scopes trial provided nothing but entertainment?

It is statements like this that make me think Karl has completely lost the plot. When the Scopes trial is taught today, it’s not seen as pure entertainment. True, there there were entertaining aspects of the trial, as when Bryan complained that the evolutionists had man descending “not even from American monkeys, but Old World monkeys.” Or when a flustered Bryan, subject to a withering cross-examination by Clarence Darrow about whether he believed in Biblical tales like Jonah and the large fish (yes, the defense lawyer cross-examined the prosecution lawyer), said, “I do not think about things I don’t think about.”

But the Scopes Trial was far more than entertainment. It was a watershed moment in American culture: the first nationally-publicized clash between Christian fundamentalism and emerging evolutionary science. And although Scopes lost (he did violate the law by teaching about human evolution), in the end the prosecution—the creationists—were the real losers. For they came out looking scientifically ignorant and reactionary, due largely to the scathing reportage of H. L. Mencken. (Go have a look at some of Mencken’s hilarious pieces here.)

Because creationists in effect lost a nationally publicized trial, the Scopes case was certainly “helpful” in promulgating science.  Does Giberson seriously think that the reams of analysis written about Scopes rest solely on its entertainment value?

Anyway, Karl, who is clearly conflicted by the Hedin case (he doesn’t like ID but is an evangelical Christian), says other dubious things in his PuffHo piece, and I have neither the heart nor the time to discuss them. In fact, they’re self-refuting, so I’ll just give a few excepts and my brief reactions:

However, I also reject the atheist claim that there is no room for discussion of God at the “boundaries of science,” as the beleaguered Dr. Hedin is trying to do. Coyne and the atheists simply don’t understand — or at least pretend to not understand — that such discussions are not necessarily religious. Nor do they understand the depth of the arguments thoughtful philosophers continue to make for the existence of God. The non-existence of God is far from a settled truth.

Discussion of God as involved in the universe isn’t necessarily religious?  How can that be? And doesn’t Giberson know that Hedin’s class was a required science class (actually one of three on offer to fulfill honors students’ science requirement), not a philosophy or religion class?

As for the “depth of argument thoughtful philosophers continue to make for the existence of god,” that is arrant nonsense. There are no deep arguments, because there is no evidence for God. Which “thoughtful philosophers” are Giberson thinking of? Alvin Plantinga? John Haught? Paul Tillich? Karen Armstrong? Please, Karl, tell me which philosophers have made deep and thoughtful arguments for God.

There is in fact no new evidence for God unless Karl wants to believe the ID arguments (which he doesn’t) or the “fine-tuning” argument, which I don’t think he buys either. The non-existence of God may not be 100% certain,but I’m happy with 99.23%. I wonder if Karl could give us his figure. To my mind, the non-existence of God is as settled a truth as the non-existence of Bigfoot, the Loch Ness Monster, or the china teapot orbiting the Earth.

Karl adds this:

The “God” invoked at the “boundary” of science, of course, is not the God of Christianity or any religion for that matter. This “Boundary God” is the God of deism and deism is aggressively rejected by Christianity: “Deism is belief in God based on reason and nature. The differing alleged revelations of the various revealed religions are conspicuously absent from Deism.”

In Hedin’s class the “God” invoked was clearly the Abrahamic god, not some Hindu monkey god.  For crying out loud, one of Hedin’s three textbooks was explicitly Christian, and had a picture of a cross on the cover, while another other was explicitly Jewish, trying to comport science with the Old Testament. In both cases Hedin’s textbook God was personal and interactive, not deistic.  Has Karl been paying attention to the contents of Hedin’s class. Did he see that book by C. S. Lewis on the reading list?

More from Giberson:

Exploring the question of whether a transcendent intelligence of some sort might be a better explanatory foundation for the world that we encounter than a purely mindless materialism is not a religious quest in any traditional sense. No religion could possibly be built on such a foundation. It seems to me that such an exploration would be akin to asking whether humans are better understood as “minds” that work top-down or “brains” that work bottom-up. Science roots for “brains,” of course, but there is certainly wiggle room in this conversation.

The notion that the existence of a “transcendent intelligence” behind the universe is not a religious question is idiotic. And plenty of religions have that idea as part of their foundation, but of course not their complete foundation.

Anyway, such an “exploration” should occur in a religion or philosophy class, not in the one science class that Honors students at BSU have to take. And about that “wiggle room”—there isn’t any, for there are no observations about science that require us to invoke a divine mind. By “wiggle room,” Giberson simply means this: “I want to believe in God, so I’ll try to fit God in anywhere that science can’t yet provide a materialistic explanation.”

Finally, here’s why, says Giberson, carpetbaggers like me and the FFRF should ride out of Muncie:

Let me speculate and reiterate why I think Hedin’s critics should back down. The minority agnostics in Hedin’s class are going to feel left out, just as southern evangelicals at Harvard or Brandeis might feel left out or Muslim students at almost any university. The minority agnostics will be socially disconnected from their largely Christian classmates who love having the professor on “their” side, even though Hedin is not promoting their shared religion in class. So the agnostic reaches outside the university for allies and ends up with some major culture warriors on his or her side — people looking for occasions to assault religion — or something close enough that they can pretend is religion.

This paragraph is complete opaque to me. I see no argument here for why Hedin’s critics should back down. Do you?

First of all, we know that Hedin is promoting the shared Christian religion in his class. There is plenty of evidence for that. The idea of the First Amendment is that nobody should feel left out—certainly not in a science class.  Our intention has never been to assault religion, but to keep it out of the science classroom, particularly the public science classroom. That is simply reinforcing the U.S. Constitution. Our other aim is (and I presume Karl agrees) to keep intelligent design from being taught as respectable science.

Would Giberson feel the same way if Christians objected because Hedin was pushing a Muslim view of creationism in his classroom, and saying things like “Of course Allah was the creator. Do you think some God who can’t even decide if he’s a father, a son, or a see-through spirit could create a universe?”

Giberson wants to have his cake and eat it too. He objects to ID being taught in science classes because it’s a scientifically unsupported theory derived from religion; but when it is taught, and secular people object, Giberson tells the secularists to back off. What were we supposed to do given BSU’s initial refusal to even examine the issue?

Giberson seems to have no idea what he’s talking about. In fact, the whole article looks as if he’s confused, caught between his evangelic Christianity and his antipathy to ID, and is trying to work out his thoughts in a public essay. I’d urge him to bring coherence to his ideas before he publishes them.

h/t: SGM

Yet another marvelous case of camouflage

June 26, 2013 • 6:29 am

If you don’t know it already, I’m a sucker for mimicry and camouflage in animals. Who is not amazed by the varied ways animals have evolved to resemble other animals, inanimate parts of the environment, or to possess other traits that deceive predators or prey? And yet, with all the cases we know, even more ways of being deceptive keep coming to light.

This is one of them, just posted by the estimable Alex Wild on his insect/photography website Myrmecos (photographs taken by Adam Lazarus). It involves the misdirection of predators achieved by evolving an “upside down” body morph. Alex’s notes:

A predatory bird aiming at an apparent moth body will find little more than the empty space between the butterfly’s hindwings, giving our upside-down trickster a chance to escape.

As best I can tell this is a common mapwing, Cyrestis thyodamas. I’m not a Lepidopterist though, so take this ID with a grain of salt.

[UPDATE: I think Wild made an error here, as at least one reader noted. The common mapwing is a butterfly, not a moth, though Wild implies the latter.]

If you saw this on your wall at a distance, you’d naturally assume that the head of the beast was at the top. So would a bird!

moth

Below is a closeup of the body. Note how the moth rests upside down, which also misdirects predators. Predatory birds, I suspect, have either evolved or learned to attack the “top” side of a resting lepidopteran, which will provide further misdirection. Note, too, that “upside down resting” is probably an evolved trait, so both morphology and behavior have been subject to natural selection.

butterfly

h/t: Matthew Cobb

Quote of the Day

June 25, 2013 • 10:52 am

From Anthony Grayling’s The God Argument (pp. 257-258):

“In the past, people were eager to clutch at legends and superstitions in order to attain a quick, simple closure regarding what they did not know or understand, to make it seem to themselves that they did know and understand. Humanism recognizes this historical use of mythologies, and sympathises with the needs that drive people to treat them as truths.  It points out that what feeds their hearts and minds—love, beauty, music, sunshine on the sea, the sound of rain on leaves, the company of friends, the satisfaction that comes from successful effort—is more than the imaginary can ever give them, and that they should learn to redescribe these things—the real things of this world—as what gives life the poetry of its significance.”

My comments:

1. Not much scientism on view here!
2. Note suggestion by a New Atheist on how to replace human needs supposedly fulfilled by religion.

Ball State Provost talks about Hedin investigation, and some Hoosier reaction

June 25, 2013 • 7:10 am

UPDATE:  The new stuff about Guillermo Gonzalez being hired at Ball State will, according to Discovery Institute flak David Klinghoffer, be discussed on today’s Michael Medved show.  The DI naturally feels persecuted by my revelation that creationist Gonzalez will be teaching there, even though I added that I have no idea whether he’ll teach intelligent design.  If you want to listen to a bunch of anti-evolutionists scream about persecution, the Medved Show details are at Evolution News and Views, in a post that includes these lovely tidbits:

From the start, Hedin’s most vocal persecutor, the guy with the biggest megaphone, has been University of Chicago biologist Jerry Coyne, backed up by the rabid atheist Freedom from Religion Foundation. Now Coyne has got word that besides the offense of physicist Dr. Hedin’s teaching from a reading list including texts favorable to intelligent design, Ball State University has hired an actual ID advocate, astrophysicist Guillermo Gonzalez, who was previously the victim of discrimination for his views on ID by his former employer, Iowa State University.

Coyne is on the warpath. On today’s Science & Culture Update on the Medved Show, Mr. Medved will talk with Dr. Gonzalez’s co-author Dr. Jay Richards about the related cases, about Darwinist attempts to preemptively shut down Stephen Meyer’s book Darwin’s Doubt, and about the long history of Darwinists seeking to silence dissenters.

I love the “rabid atheist” bit: the tropes just get angrier and angrier as the DI feels more beleaguered. Do we ever hear about “rabid IDers” or “rabid Catholics”?  Klinghoffer, for example, could be deemed a “rabid Orthodox Jew,” but I wouldn’t call him that.

The DI can’t seem to distinguish between criticism of Darwin’s Doubt (Stephen Meyer’s screed about how God an intelligent designer created the Cambrian explosion, and attempt to shut down the book.

This is the best part of Klinghoffer’s rant (my bold):

Darwinism is not just a science, not just a philosophical worldview supporting atheism and materialism, but a culture of rage and persecution. Remember what happened to Smithsonian Institution evolutionary biologist Richard Sternberg just for editing Meyer’s article in a biology journal. And of course Thomas Nagel escaped harm after he wrote favorably about Stephen Meyer’s work and other pro-ID theorists only because Dr. Nagel’s position in the academic world is so totally unassailable.

One could characterize the DI, on the other hand, as a culture not only of rage (at their ideas not being accepted) but woo, lying, and self-described martyrdom.

And Nagel did not of course escape intellectual harm; many people criticized his insupportable take on Darwinism, and I documented that “persecution” on this website (see here, for instance).

__________________

In an article at The Daily, the Ball State University student newspaper, provost Terry King discussed the issues involved in the case of Eric Hedin, the BSU professor accused of proselytizing for religion, Christianity in particular, in a science class, and teaching discredited intelligent design creationism without presenting the alternative (i.e., true view of evolution.  (In the U.S., the provost is usually the chief academic officer of a university).

An anonymous informant told me about Hedin’s activities, made obvious by his publicly posted syllabus, and I wrote to Hedin’s chariman in the department of Physics and Astronomy, asking that he review the course. I was brushed aside, and brought the case to the attention of the Freedom from Religion Foundation (FFRF). They then wrote to BSU informing them about the course and its potential as a violation of the U.S.’s First Amendment to the Constitution, prohibiting the mixing of government and religion.

Ball State then convened a committee to investigate Hedin’s course, which is the right thing to do. This is not a tempest in a teapot, for it bears not only on a professor’s right to teach discredited science (without presenting the alternativve view) in a university science course, but also on the professor’s right to push a religious point of view on his students. Neither of these issue has ever been properly adjudicated by American courts.

At any rate, King notes that the investigation should be complete within a month, that the committee consists of four members (three Ball State faculty :Gary Dodson, professor of biology, Richard Fluegeman Jr., professor of geological sciences; and Juli Thorsen Eflin, professor of philosophy, as well as Catherine Pilachowski, a professor of astronomy at Indiana University).

Provost King says some sensible things here, which gives me hope that Ball State will do the right thing:

King said the committee will review if the content is appropriate, if the professor is qualified and if the teaching is appropriate. He said he seeks advice often, but has chosen the committee because of the complexity of the case.

“It’s not exactly clear to me,” he said. “If this were an ordinary differential equations math course and someone wanted to talk about no mathematical subjects in the course, then I would be very concerned. This is an honors course and it may be that discussion is appropriate, but I don’t know yet.”

I hope King realizes that the “discussion” in Hedin’s class was one-sided, as there were not readings presenting a non-religious, materialist view of science.

King said the university still hasn’t received any complaints from inside the university and only one complaint from outside the university from the Freedom From Religion Foundation, an organization whose purpose is to promote the constitutional principle of separation of state and church. But the university has received contact from individuals reacting positively and negatively about the situation.

There are at least three reent students who have complained about Hedin’s proselytizing, as well as three others who made similar complaints on the Rate My Professors site, but all have so far been afraid to come forward. That is understandable, of course, particularly in a religious state like Indiana, where ostracism follows criticism of religion. But if any of those students are reading this, I would ask them to consider going public, for that’s the best way to stop the spread of creeping religionism in public schools. Public naming is important here, both for credibility and potential lawsuits, though I hope this case doesn’t go to the courts.

[King] said some confuse First Amendment freedom of speech with academic freedom in a course, but the two are different.

“On the teaching side it is very specific about in the appropriate teaching of a course, one can bring in controversial concepts if it’s appropriate to the nature of the course. Academic freedom is something that I know the president [Jo Ann Gora] and I feel very strongly about,” King said. “We are very much in support of faculty members appropriately teaching their courses or appropriately doing their research even if it takes them into unpopular areas.”

The key word here is “appropriate.” I hope King, who sounds reasonable, knows that “academic freedom” is not a license to teach whatever you want in a college course, particularly not lies about creationism or evidence for God in the universe.

In the end, I can’t see how Ball State can allow Hedin to continue to teach the course in its present incarnation. It will be an embarrassment to Ball State to harbor such a course, just as it’s an embarrassment to Lehigh University to harbor ID creationist Michael Behe. (Read the Lehigh biology department’s position on intelligent design. Will Ball State have to write one, too?)

*****

In the meantime, op-eds and letters in Indiana newspapers continue to support Hedin. I was told that, in religious terms, Indiana is effectively a Southern state, but I didn’t believe it until now. I give a few excerpts:

Letter in the Muncie Star-Press from Mike McClure: “Why the controversy?“:

Teaching intelligent design in an elective course on the philosophical implications of cosmology is hardly controversial. With the formation of the universe, whether you are talking about unified force theory or what many people call God, the universe was formed from an infinite force. The difference between the two is largely semantics.

Largely semantics? Distinguishing the laws of nature from a personal God who thinks and feels is a semantic question?
Another letter in the same paper by Kim Foltz: “Unfounded accusations“:

The article indicated no such accusations about Professor Hedin. It sounds like he simply did what the course title suggested and pointed out the “Boundaries of Science.”

I hope the university will stand for the principle of academic freedom and will not bow to the well-funded intellectual bullies who have tried to influence this decision.

Yeah, and the existence of the Christian God (not some Hindu monkey god) is one of those boundaries.  And I love the characterization of me and the Freedom from Religion Foundation as “well-funded intellectual bullies.”  If only I was as well funded as the FFRF!

University of Chicago evolutionary biologist and avowed atheist Jerry Coyne and the Freedom From Religion Foundation, whose complaints spurred the investigation, are ideological bullies with plenty of influence and financial clout. They have threatened legal action if their objections to Hedin’s teaching are not validated.
. . . The claim against Hedin is that he is in violation of the First Amendment for teaching religion. They should be rebuffed because nowhere is Hedin charged with talking about the Bible or Jesus. That would be a discussion of religion. Through his class, he has simply raised the possibility of intelligent design of life and our cosmos. That is not teaching religion.

I just love the title “avowed atheist”!  Do you ever hear “avowed Catholic” or “avowed Buddhist”?

And note again the “bully” trope, as if any outside monitoring of the first amendment, or of creationism is “bullying.” I suppose the organizations prosecuting the Dover School District for teaching ID were also “bullies”! Bullies, too, I guess, are the Ball State professors investigating Hedin’s behavior.

As forHedin not talking about the Bible or Jesus, it’s very clear he did, so Ether doesn’t know his facts.  Nor does he seem to recognize what anyone with two neurons to rub together knows: Intelligent Design is a discredited theory motivated solely by religion.  Judge Jones in the Dover case saw right though the “nonreligious” fiction.

Most definitely NSFW unless you work in a zoo: the tapir’s prehensile penis

June 25, 2013 • 6:24 am

by Matthew Cobb

I suppose I have to explain why I stumbled across this video. I am giving a talk about the sense of smell tomorrow, and will be giving my (adult) audience some androstenone to smell. Some people have suggested this is a human pheromone – indeed it is marketed as a sex aid for both men and women (“attract women fast” “attract men fast” say the bottles).

In fact, all you will attract is a sow – it is used to bring pigs into heat. Many humans in fact have a mutation which means either they can’t smell it, or it smells very attractive. The remainder think it smells foul. This variability alone suggests strongly it isn’t a pheromone (indeed, there are no known human pheromones).

Anyway, I wanted a picture of a sow showing the flehmen response which is shared by many mammals when they are smelling pheromones. Google, which will now be able to blackmail me by handing over my search to the NSA or GCHQ, came up with this video some folk filmed of two tapirs at it in a zoo.

Please don’t press play if you are likely to be offended. But it’s just Darwin’s creatures doing what comes naturally, folks! The male’s penis is surprisingly prehensile – a character shared by many other mammals but particularly graphic in this case.

Those of you who want to know more, I suggest you just go the whole hog and search for ‘tapir penis’, but be careful what you wish for. There are an awful lot of videos/pictures out there, and you might have a tough time explaining your interest to your significant other/parent/boss/government.

I have been able to find only one serious paper about the tapir penis, and that one concentrates on the gross anatomy of the genitalia of both sexes, without mentioning this prehensile business. I assumed that Ed Yong must have posted on this, but a search for ‘Ed Yong Tapir penis’ (that must have amused the NSA) failed to bring back anything more than Ed’s usual collection of ducks, flies and elephants. The tapir’s penis awaits its Boswell. . .